Colonial Williamsburg Digital Library

Introduction

The following report represents the results of the re-excavation of the above site whose structural features had previously been located by Mr. J. M. Knight in 1949. The purpose of the recent work was to obtain dating evidence for the buildings, to establish colonial grades, and to recover artifacts that might confirm the documentary evidence of the presence of a cabinetmaker on the site in the eighteenth century, showing the type of work that he did there, and providing clues to his standard of living.

In view of the vast number of objects recovered in the course of the excavations it is not proposed to describe and illustrate them all. Consequently this material is merely summarized, and only those items relating to the architecture and the cabinet making trade being treated in detail.

In the interests of brevity it is not proposed to discuss every small feature that the excavations revealed, but only to consider those that had a direct bearing on the required information tabulated above. ^where?

The report is divided into three parts, the first and second relating to the archaeological features and the third to a consideration of the artifacts. Where possible the first part is divided under headings that will facilitate the easy location of the main features, and here again brevity has been considered a prime requisite. Consequently certain specialized information has been omitted and inserted in appendices, e.g. 5. tables of brick sizes, tile distribution, and dating of Excavation Register groups.

Numbers used for archaeological features and groups of artifacts are those used in the Ms. Excavation Register or Day Book, an index to which is included in appendix II. Excavation Register number are prefixed by the letters E.R., e.g. "E.R.231A" which refers to area 231, stratum A. An object from that hypothetical deposit will eventually bear the full catalogue number 1176-231A.28D, the first figures being the catalogue number and the last the archaeological area on the base map.

It should be noted that Excavation Register numbers may also refer to small features such as pits or post holes within an area of excavation, depending upon their importance or the number of stratigraphic subdivisions (by letter) that the area has already received. All such numbers mentioned in the test appear in one or more of the illustrative figures. This is not true, however, of the full series given in Appendix II.

The report was first prepared in September, 1960, when the excavation was still not entirely finished. The draft was submitted to Mr. O. M. Bullock, Director of Architectural Research, who passed it to Mr. Buchanan for study on September 6th, 1960. It was subsequently read by Mr. Knight (September 21st) and the suggestions and amendments put forward by all three are included in the present paper.

The Structural Features

THE CABINET SHOP

This structure stood on the east bank of a stream running north across the site - a stream that had been deliberately diverted in a westerly direction before the shop was constructed. Thus, part of the earlier stream course lay beneath the west wall of the building.

The shop possessed external measurements of 32'1 ¾" x 24'1 ¾", had foundations one brick in thickness, made use of English bond and shell mortar, and had its chimney at the east end.

The south foundation wall was originally unbroken and its footing stepped downward as it proceeded west, following the line of the grade. The presence of scored mortar joints indicate that only the bottom two courses were below ground level.

The west wall was of similar character, the scored mortar joints extending to within three course of the bottom at the S.W. corner of the building.

Surviving evidence (Figure 1) indicated that the north wall foundation consisted only of piers. The west wall returned east for a distance of 2'6" at the N.W. corner of the building the foundation consisted only of an east wall pier, having no return around the corner. 6'7" west of the northeast corner two bricks suggested the position of another pier. A scatter of brickbats 7'1 ½" east [west?] of these pointed to the position of yet another.

The east wall foundation also consisted of piers, a 2'3: return on the south foundation wall, with a 2'2 ½" pier (a bottom soldier course only) 3'6 ½" to the north. The N.E. corner pier extended southward for a distance of 2'2", while 3'8" beyond stood another pier 2'2 ½" in length. Thus the east foundation comprised the two corners and two piers, with an 8'0" chimney between the latter. It should be noted that the two corners and northern pier were of similar construction, i.e. header, 2 stretchers, header.²

Dating

It is believed that the shop building was erected during the years c.1745-1756, i.e. during the Everard period in which the value of the property increased from £45 to £200.³ In support of this assumption archaeological evidence showed that the shop was built on fill sealing over the first stream bed whose silt contained artifacts dating up to c.1740.

9.

The destruction date can be more closely arrived at; firstly, on historical evidence that (a) suggests that Edmund Dickinson was at the shop until 1778, and 9b) shows the building absent from the Frenchman's map of 1782; secondly, on archaeological evidence which indicates that the building was still in use as a cabinet-maker's shop until shortly before its destruction. Large numbers of brass furniture hardware items, as well as iron cabinet locks and tools were found directly beneath the fallen chimney (E.R.239.256A.257A). Inside the shop and in the stream silt, sealed by the white plaster of the destruction stratum were some 65 gun flints, two gun locks and various brass gun fittings, suggesting that the shop saw the presence of troops during the Revolution.⁴ After the foregoing deductions has been made on the basis of archaeological evidence, the following important references came to light in the Williamsburg Public Store Records:

M-1016-1 Williamsburg Public Store Records (originals VSL)

Day Book
"February 22, 1779 Williamsburg
…

PUBLICK ARMOURY	Dr
To 5 Quire paper @ 7/ to repare the windows of the House rented of Mrs Hay
12 lb F[ illeg]inc- - - -	[£] 1.18. 3
	Recd by James Anderson"

M-1016-2 Williamsburg Public Store Records (originals VSL)

Day Book
April 10, 1779-June 20, 1780 [near beginning of reel]
…

November 4, 1779 Williamsburg
"PUBLICK ARMOURY pr Mrs. Hay	Dr
To Cash paid for 9 Months rent of a house to repair & Clean the Publick Arms by Mr Andersons people- - -	[£] 45.-.-"

FIGURE 1 - HAY CABINET SHOP EXCAVATIONS
[Digital Image Unavailable - oversized] 10. These left little doubt that the building was in a run-down state after the death of Dickinson, which would account for the fact that the stream was permitted to silt up around the shop (see p. 23). It is reasonable to suppose that the building was torn down soon after it ceased to be used as an armoury.

THE SHOP EXTENSION

A westerly extension later added to the shop, spanned the stream, and stood on six brick piers, only five of which were found. This, assuming that only one pier was removed, created an addition 24'1" by approximately 12'0". The piers were all rectangular, ranging in size from 1'10 ½" x 1'1" to 3'3" x 1'1"; except at the N.E. corner where the pier was L-shaped (see Figure 1 and 6a, also Vol. II figure 12). Bricks were pale salmon and made use of poorly mixed shell mortar. The character of the pier brickwork was quite different from the carefully laid and scored-jointed courses of the west shop wall against which two of them abutted. It may or may not be significant that the concentration of white-painted plaster was greater over and around the extension than it was over the shop. The marks of laths were encountered on much of the plaster, many pieces of which varied from a ½" to 1" in thickness.

It should be noted that the piers were set so as to follow the contours of the bank as it sloped upwards to the west of the stream. Thus the western piers were shorter and closer together than at the east where the presence of the stream caused the span to be wider and the foundations deeper.

THE HAY RESIDENCE

This structure (Figure 2) had been dismantled almost to the last brick and consequently little remained beyond an outline derived from robbed trenches. As these had been in part excavated in 1949, it was impossible to check the previous findings. Consequently the N.W. corner of the house was plotted on the evidence of a stake planted at the estimated established corner during the 1949 investigation. The N.E. and S.E. corners, however were found intact as also was the robbed trench marking the S.W. corner (Vol. II, figures 22, 24, and 25). On their evidence, the house was estimated to measure approximately 32'3" x 20'.

The house stood at the top of the western valley slope close to the colonial building line facing Nicholson Street, with its basement cut 12. into the natural bank that sloped downward from the south lot line. The width of the robbed trench suggested that the foundation wall was probably only one brick in thickness. A short section of the west wall was found to have fallen inward into the basement at the S.W. corner, and it was noted that the pale orange color of the bricks matched that of the surviving S.E. corner. However, neither matched the small red bricks that appeared in the N.E. corner or in the foundation of a small chimney located inside the building in the middle of the estimated north wall line. It might be deduced that the rear of the house had been rebuilt in the course of its life and that at that time a new chimney was installed or added.

The N.E. corner comprised a pier cut into natural clay and built from brickbats, an excess of poorly mixed shell mortar and one water table brick. A short section of the east wall, 3'9" south of the pier was equally curiously constructed, being nothing more than four brickbats mortared in a row together, having a total width of approximately 4".⁶ A quantity of brick rubble was found by tunnelling under the large and elderly elm that stands within the S.E. corner of the house. However, an insufficient area could be opened up in this manner for any conclusions to be drawn.

THE KITCHEN BUILDING

Situated to the rear of the residence, the kitchen (Figure 4) was represented by a few foundation remains of insufficient substance to permit accurate determination of its shape or size.

The principal feature was a chimney foundation measuring 8'11" by approximately 5'7", with its rear wall 1'10" in thickness (Vol. II, figure 30). The bricks were laid in English bond and their mortar containing a very small percentage of discernible shell. There was no evidence of scored mortar joints, although it was apparent that part of the surviving structure had stood above grade at least towards the end of its life.

The N.W. corner of the building was located 10'3" north of the chimney foundation and comprised a right angled pier measuring 1'6"x1'6" and resting on the filling of an east/west cut or terrace (see p. 18). A short section of the northern foundation was located 4'0" east of the corner pier and comprised a course of headers some 3'0" in length with an incomplete second course of stretchers, 1'8" in 17. length, that had slipped partially off the top (Vol. II, figure 31). As this feature had been previously excavated, leaving only the filling against the northern side undisturbed, it was impossible to tell whether one was dealing with a pier or with a continuing foundation that had been robbed at its east and west ends.

No N.E. corner was encountered, although a scatter of brickbats occurred at a point where such a corner could conceivably have stood (see Figure 4). There was, however, some indication of a S.E. pier in the shape of a group of laid bricks with mortar on the upper surface, measuring 1'4" x 1'0", and set into the clay on all four sides. No trace of a south wall was found, although the Archaeological Survey plan of 1949¹⁰ records that indication of a robbed wall 3'0" south of the chimney was identified. No sign of this was found in 1960. Two brickbats were encountered as though deliberately laid, creating an east/west line approximately 1'9" south of the chimney. However, ignoring this inconclusive evidence, and accepting (for the sake of argument) the afore-mentioned pier as the S.E. corner, it would be possible to provide a ground plan of a building measuring approximately 22'0" x 19'6".

Although none of the foundation fragments, other than the chimney, had fully mortared joints, all showed traces of shell mortar on the upper surfaces. It is possible that mortar between the bricks had been leached out; for slight traces were encountered between bricks of the northern foundation pier or fragment.

It should be noted that the kitchen building stood on the edge of the decline sloping down into the stream valley and consequently the floor level was much closer to the eighteenth century grade at the south side than at the north (e.g. el.69.30 as against 67.17).

FIGURE 4 - HAY KITCHEN EXCAVATIONS

It is assumed that the floor of the kitchen had been removed before the building was destroyed, for a section of the chimney was found lying inside it and resting directly on the yellow clay that predated the structure. The fact that the clay sloped so drastically downward towards the north precluded any possibility of the kitchen having possessed a dirt floor.

ROOFING MATERIALS

Although no identifiable fragments of wooden shingles were found, sufficient fragments of flat, double-holed, roofing tiles were encountered to merit serious consideration.

A total of 79 fragments were recovered, 44 of them coming from the stream silt and from the immediate vicinity of the Hay shop extension; 14 pieces were discovered around the shop proper, and a further 18 fragments were located in the stratum of ash and cabinet hardware sealed beneath the fallen shop chimney.

The absence of tile fragments from both the residence and kitchen building could be used as evidence to indicate that a building in the area in which the tiles were found was so roofed. Dating evidence for the deposition of the tiles was most conclusive where they were found sealed beneath the fallen shop chimney, and so, presumably broken shortly before the building was destroyed; namely in the decade c. 1770-1780. In addition it should be noted that of the 6 groups and deposits that yielded tile fragments, 25 dated in the period c. 1770-1780, and only six were earlier.

In summation it may be suggested that roofing tiles were in use at the Hay shop and that most breakages occurred among them in the decade 1770-1780.¹² (See Appendix III).

LANDSCAPE FEATURES

Under the above heading are included all those features that relate to the topography of the site, and to all functional structures and constructions other than the principal buildings previously discussed.

Summary of Artifacts relating to the Cabinetmaking Trade.¹⁸

Cabinetmaking tools and hardware were prolific [profuse] in the vicinity of the shop and left no doubt as to the nature of the work undertaken there. This material is of considerable importance in that it is readily datable and provides an insight into a trade whose operations and products are not fully revealed from documentary sources. In addition to the items of metal were those of wood, most of these last being retrieved from the bed and east bank of the stream that passed beneath the shop's extension. 35. Together, this material gave useful indications of the types of furniture that passed through the shop between circa 1756 and 1778. (See Vol. III, figures 1-9.)

Summary of Artifacts relating to Weapons

The Anthony Hay excavations yielded a larger number of gun flints than had previously been found in all of Williamsburg's excavations, no fewer than 65 coming from the shop area alone (Vol. III, figure 10). The majority of the flints were round backed, wedge-shaped in section and honey-colored, all features pointing to a French origin. Documentary evidence in the shape of the Williamsburg Public Store Records tends to 40. support this attribution as they show that many of the weapons kept there were provided by the French.

Two musket locks were among the finds, neither of them, however, from tightly dated contexts (Vol. III, figure 11). Part of another lock was found in a context of the mid-1770's, but this has been tentatively identified by one visiting gun authority as coming from a sporting piece. Similarly a brass butt plate found inside the shop has been considered too small for a military musket.

Other finds include four lead balls, two thimbles, part of a brass key plate from a pistol, part of the knuckle bow from a small sword, an unmarked escutcheon from a musket and two lead flint grips (Vol. III, figure 10). In addition, two cannon balls were found in the stream bed to the rear of the shop, and two more were found in the filling of the well. Diameters of the balls are as follows:

Summary of Builders' and Domestic Hardwares

While a good range of iron hinges and locks was included in the collection of artifacts from the site, few, if any, of them were directly and irrefutably associated with the structures, the majority having been found in the vicinity of the 18th century stream. A table of these items is included in this report as Appendix V.

Domestic items included such items as skillet handles, andiron fragments, fire tongs, snuffers, and tin and iron cooking vessel pieces. Also worthy of note were four iron Jews harps, harness items including saddle hardware, buckles, and bridle pieces (Vol. III, figure 63).

Agricultural items comprised hoe and spade blades, a sickle blade and a handle tang from a scythe, as well as axe and rake fragments. (Vol. III, figure 64.)

Summary of Small Finds

These items were plentiful and extremely varied, ranging from watches to wig-curlers (Vol. III, figures 12-16). Broken shoe buckles were particularly prolific and as many of them were found among the cabinetmakers' waste east of the shop, it is possible that they represent scrap brass rather than a surfeit of shoebuckles in the Hay household. The same deposit also yielded a gilded lead roundel moulded with a crowned rose and thistle emblem. The purpose for which this object was intended is not known. Numerous buttons were recovered, fifty-two from the shop and stream, and a further nineteen from the residence, kitchen and well. None was particularly unusual; while the majority were flat and plain, a few of the two-piece buttons retained traces of gilding. Other finds included six thimbles, three brass curtain rings, four varieties of sleeve links, two knee buckles, various beads and glass "stones", a pair of silver plated sugar tongs (Vol. III, figure 54, Nos. 11-12), slate pencils and a useful range of harness buckles and bosses (Vol. III, figure 61).

Of particular note were two lead objects that may have served as balances for a wooden lathe (?) wheel (Vol. III, figure 54, Nos. 1 & 2); plates from two verge watches, one engraved London 1746 and an illegible maker's name; one lead cloth bale seal, and one broken piece of type metal intended for use in the printing of paper money at the Virginia Gazette (Vol. III, figure 16, Nos. 8, 6 and 5).

Coins were scarce and comprised three Virginia halfpennies of 1773, a quarter of a Spanish silver two real piece (ibid. Nos. 1-4) and one worn halfpenny of George II (old head), that was found on the eighteenth century stream bank west of the shop (E.R.230C, not illustrated).

Among the more unusual finds were half a lead inkwell with sockets for quills, the iron head from a loaded cane in the shape of a miniature mace, and the base of a large brass candlestick of ecclesiastical proportions (Vol. III, figure 53) that was recovered at a depth of 9'3" in black stream silt in a test cutting to the rear of the lot (See Appendix VIII, E.R.316D).

Pewter was extremely scarce and was confined to one intact spoon and two broken examples from the Hay well. An intact plate 11" in diameter was found in the stream silt, but it was too badly decayed to be salvaged (Vol. II, figure 20).

Iron cutlery with bone and horn handles was well represented, but only one piece was considered notable, this being a bone handled knife earlier in character than the general run of pistol gripped examples (E.R.247G).

Of great interest was the discovery of part of an iron orthopaedic corset for the correction of spinal malformation in a child. This object, one section of the back plate only, retained traces and impressions of fabric covering and straw padding. Photographs were sent to the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum whose director commented as follows:

"I think that the part you have is for the right shoulder blade and that the two metal tongues would have been attached to a 43. similar piece for the left shoulder. The two pierced metal straps would then have been attached to a firm leather or metal belt worn round the waist. The holes round the edges are presumably for stitching to strong fabric or soft leather to complete the garment. Similar holes are present on earlier and heavier orthopaedic appliances in this museum. The shoulder pieces would almost certainly have been slightly padded."

The object was found in the first stream bed and consequently predated the construction of the Hay shop.

Summary of Ceramics and Glass

The majority of the pottery was found scattered down the west bank of the eighteenth century stream between the shop and residence and extending north along the bank to the well east of the kitchen. Most of this material belonged to the period c. 1740-1775 and was of good quality. A small assemblage of earlier wares was found in the primary stream bed and dated from circa 1690 through to about 1740. This early group included part of a delft bowl with a flying bird decorated in cobalt on the inside, two delft chamberpots of early eighteenth century character and Westerwald stoneware tankards of the first half of the same century (E.R.243W).

Dating from the Hay period were numerous fragments of Whieldon and comparable wares, including a teapot with sprigged ornament that included an apparently unparalleled cherub motif (Vol. III, Figure 26, No. 6). Creamware was fairly plentiful in immediately pre-revolutionary deposits and included teapot, jug, and bowl fragments, some with obvious Leeds characteristics, also cups, saucers, plates and an egg cup. Other 44. wares of the general Whieldon-Wedgwood school included a pineapple teapot and bowl, a red ware teapot with an unusually baroque sprigged ornament of musicians, and a small lead-glazed teapot ornamented with a botryoid motif in high relief.

Special note should be taken of a group of dark brown-bodied sherds, white slipped on the inside, lead glazed outside and ornamented with white trailing, the whole fired in a saltglaze kiln. This ware closely resembles that described in the Thomas Shaw patent of 1733, although it is known that other potters produced similar wares at a later date.

White saltglazed wares were ubiquitous and included the usual range of common plates, cups, teapots, tankards and bowls. Fragments of the early, slipped grey-cored tankards and mugs were surprisingly well represented, as also were some of the more unusual white saltglaze forms, including strainers, moulds, triangular dishes and gravy boats. One of these last is elaborately moulded with lion masks and vines, paralleling a rare and apparently previously unpublished boat exhibited at the Detroit Institute of Arts in 1954. ²² (Vol. III, figure 25, No. 3)

A small quantity of scratch blue white stoneware was represented, amongst it a considerable part of a pitcher of good quality, dating from the mid-eighteenth century. Fragments of two Littler's Blue teapots were also recovered, one of them seemingly of unusual form, having a recessed lid and tripod feet, features that do not normally appear together. It is possible that Littler's Blue pots were referred to in the Hay inventory wherein are listed "2 large coloured stone tea pots 1/3." See Appendix IX, p. 106.

Rhenish stonewares (Westerwald) were plentiful and included numerous chamberpots (see p. 35), tankards and jug fragments. G.R. medallions occurred on both of these last, one jug fragment bearing an example dated 1724 and the mould-maker's initials, a ligatured H P and a W. (Vol. III, figure 34, No. 2) A medallion from the same mould was found on the site of Peter Hay's shop (11D2). Brown stonewares included fragments of two large Bellarmines of the third quarter of the seventeenth century as well as pipkin, bottle and mug fragments, many of the latter probably emanating from Yorktown.

Coarse wares were present in quantity, mostly of local manufacture, from the West of England²³ and from Buckley in North Wales. Numerous fragments of one large Iberian oil jar were found, as well as sherds from others of different types.

In short, the Anthony Hay site yielded examples of most of the wares in use in England in the mid-eighteenth century, as well as examples of some that were comparatively rare. The quantity and variety of these ceramics were extremely helpful in the study of the whole field of English eighteenth century pottery and the material will continue to merit further detailed study. It was only unfortunate that the fragments were scattered down the stream bank and were not confined in refuse pits where they could have been more closely dated.

The table glass (Vol. III, figures 41-45) included a useful range of air-twist and opaque-twist wine glass stems as well as representative examples of baluster and balustroid stems. Fragments of a mallet-shaped lead glass decanter of the period c. 1740-1760 were also found (Vol. III, figure 42). Pieces of two similar decanters had previously been encountered 46. at the Coke-Garrett House. This decanter form is not represented in the Curator's Collection and consequently should be sought in the future.

The most important glass item found on the site was an opaque white glass tankard or mug whose shape clearly aped that of white saltglaze mugs of the mid-eighteenth century (Vol. III, figure 41).

Wine bottles were plentiful in the stream bed and in a pit south of the shop (E.R.254C) and cut into the silt of the stream's west bank. The latter deposit contained jars and small cylindrical bottles dating from the 1770's and of forms not previously recorded from Williamsburg excavations (Vol. III, figure 49).

Interesting examples of what may well be early American glass bottles were found in the upper levels of the stream silt and these will merit further study. Further examples of American glass were found in the Hay well along with wine bottles of the last quarter of the eighteenth century.

Wine bottle seals included examples made for the 1st Earl Poulett, d. 1743; Thomas Dansie, dated 1739; merchants, John Greenhow (1770), Thomas Hornsby (1769) and Prentis, and lawyer John Tazewell (1768).

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II
Dating of Excavation Register Groups from the Anthony Hay Site

The following dating is based on the latest artifacts in each assemblage, and on this evidence, suggests the "throw away" date for the group or deposit. It must be understood that this is merely post quem dating and is subject to revision on the basis of associations between one group and another. It must also be borne in mind that many of the groups contain much that was manufactured and in use long before the final date suggested here.

APPENDIX III
Distribution of Roofing Tile Fragments

APPENDIX IV

APPENDIX V

All objects are of iron unless otherwise stated.

APPENDIX VI
Distribution of Stone Fragments

All fragments are from the vicinity of the stream unless otherwise stated.

N.B. The descriptions given above are tentative, pending full identification by a geologist.

APPENDIX VII
Table of Artifacts relating to the Cabinet-Making Trade

This list only includes items from the vicinity of the shop and stream.

APPENDIX VIII
Study of Stratigraphy Derived from Test Cuttings Across the Hay Site

The following information was gleaned from test cuttings made with a mechanical ditch-digger in three E/W cuttings through the colonial stream bed, and one N/S cut along the crest of the west bank or side of the stream valley.

The work was undertaken during the month of May, 1960 and was supervised by Mr. Paul Buchanan and the writer. Subsequently Messrs. Carter and Thompson recorded the lines of the cuttings as well as the modern grade elevations beneath which, and between which, measurements had been taken in inches and feet.

The data tabulated below is derived from an analysis of both the notes and artifacts recovered during the above operation.

Cutting No. 1

(Section #1, Fig. 8A following p. 81)

Directly south of point at which the modern stream drops approximately 11'0" into the ravine at the rear of the lot, the cut was made from the edge of the stream west to a distance of 64'0", readings being made along the north face at 8'0" intervals.

ER 361A 8'0"

Bottom of yellow clay fill and top of black silt at 6'0"; black silt into pale yellow sandy silt at 8'9"; sand silt into grey clay at 10'0". Water stopped digging. Figure 8. - oversized image

82.

ER 316B 16'0"

Yellow clay fill into black silt at 7'3". Fragment of barrel stave and other pieces of shaped wood in the black silt. Black silt gives way to grey silt at 10'5". Water stopped digging at 11'0" still in grey silt. Brick and wood at this depth.

ER 316C 18'0"

Brick fragments and wood in grey silt at 8'6".

ER 316D 22'0"

Bottle bottom of mid-eighteenth century date in yellow clay fill at approximately 6'0". Yellow clay into grey silt at 7'10"; artifacts in that layer at 9'3" include part of base of brass candlestick (Vol. III, figure 53, No. 5), bottle fragments c.1740-1770, wood fragments, brickbats and animal bones. This would seem to be the main course of the 18th century stream. Clean clay appeared at 11'3" at which point the banks collapsed and diggings was abandoned.

ER 316E 32'0"

Yellow fill gives way to grey silt at 6'6", less dark than further east and containing iron nail, wood and bottle fragment of c.1720-1760. Bottom of silt becomes blue at 7'6" and turns to marl at 9'4". Digging stopped.

83.

ER 316F 40'0"

Yellow fill into grey clay at 5'2"; bottom of grey at 7'5" (reading taken on the 35'6" mark). Grey gives way to brown clay and marl; digging stopped in marl at 9'2".

ER 316G 48'0"

Yellow fill gives way to pocket of grey clay at 4'8"; back into yellow at 5'4" (at 44'0" mark), somewhat more sandy; brick fragments over grey clay silt at 7'0". Hard yellow clay at 8'1". Excavation stops.

ER 316H 50'0"

Hard yellow clay at bottom at 7'0".

ER 316J 56'0"

Top soil mixed with yellow fill to 2'0" where grey silt line appears; bottom of silt at 2'6" running into soft yellow clay. Hard yellow natural at 6'3". Digging stopped.

ER 316K 64'0"

Sequence as above, bottom of grey silt at 1'6" under 6" of top soil. Quit in yellow clay at 5'6".

Cutting No. 2

(Section #2, Fig. 8B, following p. 81)

Excavation line south of Cutting No. 1 and north of hand-dug trench directly north of building complex. For location see Figure 12. Cutting began at west edge of stream and extended 88'0" west.

84.

ER 317A 6'0"

Top soil and yellow clay fill gives way to grey at 3'0". Bottom not exposed. Bottle bottom of c.1740-50 and wood in bottom of yellow clay at 4'0".

ER 316B 8'0"

Grey clay under yellow fill becomes dark black at 8'0" and quickly gives way, at approximately the same level, to yellow clay bottom. Fragments of wood and one brickbat at the bottom of the grey/black silt.

ER 317C 10'0"

Section of wooden board in grey silt at 5'9" under which was a rim sherd from a Westerwald chamberpot of colonial date.

ER 317D 12'0"

Yellow fill with bottle bottom of c.1730-1740 at 6'6" gives way to top of grey/black silt at 7'3"; the black into grey clay at 9'6". collapse of walls caused digging to stop.

ER 317E 13'0"

Iron object of uncertain form in light grey silt at 4'9" with brickbat. Wooden board at 5'9" under which were two joining Westerwald chamberpot fragments, one indeterminate scrap of delftware and a small piece of colonial bottle glass.

ER 317F 16'0"

Yellow clay gives way to grey/black silt at 7'9" with 3" stratum of pale grey silt on top.

85.

ER 317G 17'0"

Yellow clay 6" below top soil gives way to grey silt at 6'9".

ER 317H 20'0"

Top soil yielded iron bolt, pipe fragments, saltglaze sherd and one fragment of late creamware, post 1780. Yellow clay fill contains pieces of iron barrel hoop, cow horn core, coarse pottery, creamware and pearl ware (the last of post colonial date). Yellow fill gives way to grey silt at 6'9", the later containing a fragment of an early 18th Century delftware bowl at 7'0". The top of the silt layer also contained numerous brickbats; two heavily glazed samples, one pink and the other pale salmon provided the following measurements: 5" x 4 3/16" x 2 1/16" and 6" x 4 3/16" x 2 ½". Grey silt turned to black at 8'0". In it was found a fragment of thin iron or sheet tin, wood, and a single fragment from a milk glass tankard of similar quality and thickness to the fine example found beneath the cabinet shop extension. Digging stopped after numerous cave-ins at 9'9" still in black silt. This would seem to be the line of the main 18th century stream course.

86.

ER 317J 24'0"

Brown top soil containing late creamware gives way to yellow clay brickbat in yellow clay at 5'7". Yellow clay runs on to top of grey silt at 6'10". Still rich black at 8'7" when collapse caused abandonment of digging.

ER 317K 30'0"

Top of grey silt at 6'0' merging into black, this ceasing on hard yellow clay bottom at 10'6".

ER 317L 32'0"

Brown topsoil descends to 4'6" and contains pearl ware post 1780, brown stoneware and crude earthenware sherds of late 17th or early 18th century form. Brown blends into yellow clay at 4'6", the latter giving way to grey silt at 5'6", the latter merging into black at 7'0". this becomes lighter at 9'0", but bottom not reached before sides caved in.

ER 317M 34'0"

Brown topsoil contains fragment of Westerwald chamberpot, merges into stratum of red and yellow clay fill, this resting on grey silt at 6'0", the top of which contains brickbat pale salmon in color. Hard yellow clay bottom reached.

87.

ER 317N 36'0"

Hard clay bottom reached at 6'9" into which was pressed a fragment of a Whieldon type polychrome crabstock handle, a form attributed by the English Ceramic Circle to c. 1750.

ER 317P 40'0"

Brown top soil gives way to red and yellow clay at 1'0". Grey silt reached at 5'9" and bottom of hard yellow clay at 7'1".

ER 317Q 43'0"

Top of grey silt at 4'3"; bottom yellow clay reached at 5'6".

ER 317R 48'0"

Brown top soil merges into top of red and yellow clay at 6"; top of grey silt reached at 1'8" and found to contain a scattering of burnt wood ash. Bottom of grey resting on hard yellow clay at 4'0". Digging continued to 5'9" but no further change appeared.

ER 317S 54'0"

Brown top soil to 1'2" merges into grey silt, this giving way to yellow clay bottom at 1'8". Digging continued to 3'0" without further change.

ER 317T 56'0"

Grey silt runs out.

ER 317V 64'0"

Brown top soil contains late creamware, 19th century ironstone china, bottle glass, etc; gives way at 6" to grey silt dipping west 88. (a local intrusion) and ceasing on hard yellow bottom at 1'10". Digging stopped at 2'6".

ER 317W 69'0"

Remains of cedar post 7" diam., flat-ended, of no great antiquity.

ER 317X 72'0"

Brown top soil to 1'8" over yellow clay extending to 2'4", beneath which lies the intrusive stratum of grey silt that ceases at 3'2" on yellow clay. Digging stopped at 3'4".

ER 317Y 76'0"

Grey silt rests on hard yellow clay at 3'6". Test hole continued into yellow clay at 6'6", but no change encountered.

ER 317Z 80'0"

Brown to soil to a depth of 1'0" containing a mixture of 18th and 19th century sherds and bottle glass. Grey silt beneath it descends to a depth of 2'9" and ceases on yellow bottom. Digging ceased at 4'0".

ER 317AB 88'0"

Brown topsoil to a depth of 8" merging into grey silt that in turn gives way to hard yellow bottom at 2'0". Digging stopped at 3'7".

Cutting No. 3

ER 321 (not drawn)

This, the longest of the trenches, was cut north from the bank sloping away from Nicholson Street at a point directly west of the 18th century house foundation (Hay "residence") to the edge of the landscaped section of the lot. The results of this operation were largely negative. Natural clay was found at a depth of approximately 2'0" all along the cutting and thus provided a point above which the 18th century grade must have lain. The existing topsoil was too disturbed and the excavation too hasty for any further details to be obtained.

Very few artifacts were recovered from the topsoil. However, at a point along the cutting on a line east from the Tayloe main outbuilding a small pocket of bottle and ceramic fragments were found in black soil at a depth of 1'0" and dated up to c1790-1800. Directly west of the house foundation a 2" to 7" stratum of oystershells was overlaid by late 18th and 19th century artifacts. From between the shells came one pearl ware sherd, one late creamware 90. fragment, part of an iron pot and 18th century bottle glass. These indicate that the shells were not deposited prior to c.1780.

Cutting No. 4

(Section #8, Fig. 9B, following P. 90)

Trench cut E/W south of the colonial lot line, east of the modern stream, following the contours of the valley as it rises up on to the Ravenscroft Lot opposite the Reynolds' House. Owing to the presence of significant tree roots the cutting was moved approximately 8'0" to the north at a point 72'0" east from its western end.

ER 318A 0'0"

Mixed topsoil and dark brown fill to 4'2" gives way to yellow clay in turn replaced by grey silt at 6'3". Bottom not reached.

ER 318B 7'0"

Grey silt stops on hard yellow clay at 9'2".

ER 318C 8'0"

Topsoil and disturbed to fill containing flowerpot and delft drug pot sherds at 3'0"-4'0" descends to 4'1" where replaced by yellow clay stratum. This contains 18th century saltglaze, tumbler and bottle fragments of the third quarter of the 18th century. Sandy grey silt begins at 5'0" and to a depth of approximately 9'0". Bottle fragments no earlier than Figure 9A. - SECTION 7-7 (LOOKING NORTH)
Figure 9B.
Figure 9C. - SECTION 9-9 (LOOKING EAST) 91. second quarter of 18th century at 8'0"-9'0". Bottom hard yellow clay at approximately 9'0". Digging stopped owing to collapse of banks.

ER 318D 12'0"

Mixed topsoil and brown disturbed fill to a depth of 4'6". 18th, 19th and 20th century sherd, brickbats and part of a pseudo ormulu clock front marked PARIS at 3'6". The mixed fill replaced by yellow clay at 8'0". Digging stopped.

ER 318e 16'0"

Topsoil and brown disturbed fill terminates in a deposit of modern trash at 4'0", overlying yellow sandy clay, that merges into stream sandy silt. A fragment of a hard brown-glazed slipware of 18th century date in the top of this level. Silt proper estimated to appear at 5'6", resting on hard yellow clay bottom at approximately 7'0". Westerwald, saltglaze and bottle glass (plus 19th century ironstone china sherd - presumably intrusive of second half of 18th century brought up bottom of silt. Digging stopped at 7'0".

ER 318F 18'0"

Ash on and in yellow clay at 4'6". Top of sandy silt at 4'11".

92.

ER 318G 21'6"

Brown topsoil and mixed fill gives way to yellow clay at 3'7". At 3'6" in the mixed soil were found numerous iron objects, perhaps associated with carriage harness or fittings, bottle neck of c. 1740-1770, delft, pipe stems, a lead glass handle, a sherd of 19th century stoneware with internal Albany slip, plus pieces of 19th and possibly modern moulded bottles. Yellow clay blends into sandy silt at 5'0", and the latter terminates on the hard yellow clay bottom at 7'0" where digging stopped.

ER 318H 24'0"

Modern trash at 2'0" in mixed fill under topsoil, this resting on yellow clay at 3'11". The clay blends into sandy silt at 4'8", the top of the latter containing brickbats. The bottom reached on the 27'0" mark at 5'2". Digging stopped.

ER 318J 32'0"

Mixed topsoil and disturbed brown soil to 4'0" turning grey at 3'0" and containing 18th century bottle fragments with modern drain tile and recent ceramic fragments. Yellow clay at 4'0" merging into sandy silt at 5'2" (on the 31'0" mark). Fragments of wine bottle 93. and sherd of creamware, post 1770, in bottom of silt. Hard yellow clay bottom reached at 6'0". Digging stopped.

ER 318K 33'0"

Mixed to gives way to yellow clay at 3'9".

ER 318L 38'0"

Top of silt at 5'6" with brick in it. Bottom yellow clay at 6'1".

ER 318M 40'0"

Topsoil and brown disturbed soil containing modern porcelaneous ceramic sherd blends into light grey soil at 2'6" containing one 18th century bottle fragment and one stoneware sherd of uncertain date. This in turn rests on yellow clay at 4'4". A fall of dirt prevented completion of this series and the remaining levels were taken at the 38'0" mark. See above. The clay containing 18th and 19th century glass and ceramics plus a glass marble of comparatively recent date.

ER 318N 42'0"

Topsoil and disturbed brown fill blends into grey soil at 1'0".

ER 318P 44'0"

Grey stops on top of yellow clay at 4'9", this giving way to sandy silt at 5'8" on the 43'0" mark. The silt stops on hard yellow clay bottom at 5'3" on the 43'9" mark. Thus at 94. approximately 43'0" east from the present stream the sandy silt runs out. Impressed into the clay bottom at the 44'0" mark were fragments of wine bottles dating after c. 1730 and one pipe stem fragment.

ER 318Q 48'0"

Topsoil and grey fill mixed with scattered deposits of dirty yellow clay and soil descends on to black soil fill at 5'3", the latter resting on yellow clay at 6'5". A brickbat was found in the clay at 6'3". Part of Westerwald tankard and blue-edged pearl ware sherd in disturbed yellow clay on bottom at 6'5". Natural clay bottom, hard yellow, reached at 6'6". Digging stopped.

ER 318R 56'0"

Topsoil and brown fill gives way to deposit of dirty yellow clay containing fragment of modern drain tile at 4'0", the latter resting on a stratum of black ash-flecked soil at 5'9". This level yielded a copper kettle spout of 18th century type (Vol. III, figure 55, No. 1), a few 18th century sherds, one fragment of 19th century American grey stone-ware and part of a moulded water table brick with the following measurements: 5 ½" x 4" x 3 7/8", sloping face 3 5/16" in length. 95. Purplish cast to brick, body poorly fired with lumps of purple, pink and yellow clay. the lower strata recorded at 59'6". See below.

ER 318S 59'6"

Top of black stratum at 5'0" with part of flagstone and 18th century type brick (8 3/8" x 4" x 2 5/8") both with apparently modern cement attached. Bottom of black stratum at 7'0" resting on disturbed yellow clay containing brickbats and lumps of shell mortar. Natural hard yellow clay at 7'6". Digging stopped.

ER 318T 64'0"

Top soil and disturbed yellow clay fill to 3'6', giving way to streaks of brown soil and clay with brick fragments mixed therein. This level mixing into black soil and stratum at 5'3" with some yellow flecking to 5'6". Black fill continues to 6'7" and contains fragments of ceramics and glass dating from the 18th to 20th centuries. Disturbed yellow clay beneath it merges into natural hard yellow clay at 6'10". Digging stopped.

ER 318V 67'0"

Topsoil and mixed fill of brown soil and dirty yellow clay containing 19th century artifacts 96. gives way at 5'6" to black fill containing 18th, 19th and 20th century ceramics and glass. This resting at 6'6" on disturbed yellow clay containing 18th century bottle glass (one piece early in the century). Westerwald chamberpot sherd, pocket knife and window glass all of colonial type. Hard yellow clay bottom at 7'0". Digging stopped.

ER 319A 72'0"

Cutting set back 8'0" to north and continuing on approx. parallel line. Topsoil and mixed dirty yellow clay fill to 3'0", overlying deposit of modern domestic trash, cans, bones, glass, etc. The latter stratum resting on red and yellow clay at 4'3". This apparently natural.

ER 319B 76'0"

Red and yellow clay at 4'10".

ER 319C 80'0"

Topsoil blending into dirty yellow clay to 2'6". The latter giving way to loose deposit of modern trash descending to 4'9". This in turn resting on dirty yellow clay that continued to 5'10". Red and yellow clay at this level. Digging continued to 6'6" but no further change.

97.

ER 319D 88'0"

Topsoil and dirty yellow clay to 1'9", resting on deposit of modern domestic trash that stops at 2'6". The latter resting on dirty brown clay mixed with oyster shells, late 18th century ceramics (post 1770), colonial bottle glass and one fragment of clear glass possibly recent, plus a fragment from a Purbeck slab. At 3'11" this stratum rests on red and yellow clay. Digging stopped.

ER 319E 92'0"

Deposit of modern domestic trash rising to surface and extending to a depth of 1'4". The brown clay stratum becomes grey and contains Westerwald chamberpot sherds, a possible railroad spike and pieces of modern as well as 18th century bottle glass. A scatter of brickbats runs through the grey clay at 2'6", late 19th century stoneware among them. This, the grey stratum, rests on red and yellow clay at 3'0". Digging stopped.

ER 319F 96'0"

Topsoil merging into mixed dirty clay fill containing modern trash continuing to a depth of 3'9". This resting on red and yellow clay into the top of which was pressed part of the base of a colonial case bottle. Digging stopped.

98.

ER 319G 104'0"

Topsoil merging into mixed dirty clay containing modern, 19th century and colonial trash. Red and yellow clay bottom at 2'6". Digging stopped.

ER 319H 111'6"

Topsoil merging into mixed dirty clay and resting on red and yellow clay bottom at 2'5", the latter rising up fast towards the east.

Cutting No. 4A

(Section #9, Fig. 9C following p. 90)

A north/south trench cutting across both trenches 4 and 4A at the 72'0" mark from the western extremity of trench 4.

ER 320A 0'0"

Topsoil and mixed brown and yellow clay fill to 2'0" giving way to yellow clay fill, the latter resting on grey to black fill at 4'0" containing late 18th century ceramics and glass as well as modern glass fragments. Yellow clay at 4'10" with an iron nail in it at 5'2". This clay lies on yellow clay at 6'0" which in turn merges into red and yellow clay at 6'0" and into hard yellow at 7'0".

ER 320B 8'0"

As reading at 6'0" mark in cutting No. 4. But dark grey to black stratum recorded at 5'4" and continuing to 6'9", this containing ceramics and glass some of it dating no 99. earlier than the mid-nineteenth century. Red and yellow clay at 6'9" with brickbat, 18th century case bottle and wine glass fragment, and mid-19th century ironstone china sherd in the top of it. Digging continued to 7'9", the clay becoming less red.

ER 320C 16'0"

Topsoil merges into dirty yellow clay fill at 2'0", the latter with black streaks in it from 3'4" to 3'8". Yellow clay continues to 5'3" and there replaced by grey fill containing 19th and 20th century ceramics and glass. (This is 14'0" mark.) Red and yellow clay at 6'6" with early 18th century bottle glass and late 18th century ceramic sherds pressed into it. Digging stopped.

It should be noted that the above elevations are taken at staked points lying approximately 5'0" north of the actual line of excavation, except in the case of Cutting 4A where the stakes lie approximately 3'0" to the west of the line of excavation. It should further be noted that Cutting No. 4 was moved 8'0" to the north after the 64'0" stake at 72'0" so as to avoid cutting significant tree roots.

APPENDIX IX

The following inventory of Hay's possessions is derived from the Colonial Williamsburg Research Report on the Raleigh Tavern. Its absence from the Research Report on the Nicholson Street shop and residence sites might infer that the contents of the inventory are not relevant to that property. However, it seems reasonable to suppose that the inventory includes many items that would have seen service both at the Raleigh and at Hay's home. Those items listed in the inventory that appear to parallel artifacts found in the excavations have been asterisked.

It is significant that although this inventory was made at the death of Anthony Hay in 1771, his widow remained at their home until her own demise sixteen years later. Thus, many of the items listed in the inventory would have continued in service during the latter period and may therefore have found their way into the ground in the course of those years.

INDEX

Andiron, fragments of

40

Armchair

38

Armoury, shop used as

9, 37, 51

Ash, red, coal, layer

30, 32

Auger, bit

78

Axe

41

Balls

cannon, sizes of

40

lead

40

musket

34

Bar, door

74

Barrel,

hoop

85

stave

82

Basement, of residence

15

Bead

41

Bit,

gouge

78

spiral

78

spoon

78

Bolts

74, 79, 85

cupboard

36

drawer pull

79

Bone, cutlery handles of

42

Bones, animal

82, 85

Bosses, harness

41

Bottles

See Glass

Boxwood, oboe of

39

Brass

See individual headings

Brass waste

35

trimmings

37

Bricks

kitchen

16, 71, 73

misc.

85, 71

paving

32

residence

12, 13, 71, 73

shop

7, 71, 72

shop ext.

10, 71, 72

sizes of

71, 72, 73

stream

71, 72

terrace

27

water table

12, 74

well

25, 26, 28, 71, 72

Bridge

21f

Bridle

40

Buckles,

harness

40, 41

knee

41

shoe

27, 29, 41

Bucktrout, Benjamin

39, 51

Bush, brass from pulley wheel

38

Buttons

41

Buzzer

29

Cabinet making,

artifacts

34, 78

tools

35

Cabinet shop

See Shop, cabinet

Candlesticks

42, 82

Cane, loaded

42

Cannon balls

40

Casters, furniture

36, 79

Ceiling, coved, of residence

14

Ceramics

18, 22, 43, 44, 45, 93

See individual headings

Chairs,

arm

38, 79

caster from

38, 79

crest rail from

38

leg from

38, 79

leg from with caster

38, 79

Chamberpots,

delft

43

stoneware

35, 80

used for paint

35, 80

Charleston, R. J.

47

Chest

8, 79

base rail

38, 79

fittings

36

Chisels,

broad

78

morticing

78

narrow

78

small

78

Chronology, of site

51

Clinker

36

Clock,

fittings

36, 79

hinges from

36

nineteenth century

91

Coarseware

45, 86

Buckley

45

oil jar

45

storage jar

29, 45

West of England

45, 50

Coins

42, 48

halfpenny, George II

42

real, portion of

42

Virginian

16, 18, 42

Coke-Garrett house

48

Cooking vessels, metal

29, 40

Corset, orthopedic

42, 50

Covers, keyhole

79

Creamware

18, 27, 32, 34, 43, 85, 86, 87, 89, 93

Crest rail, chair

38

Curler, wig

41

Cutlery

15, 27, 42

See individual headings

Cuttings, test

81ff

Dansie, Thomas, bottle seal of

46

Davenport, Matthew

109

Delftware

84, 85, 92

bowl

43

chamberpots

43

plates

15

tiles

13

Desks,

fittings

36

slider knob

36

Devices, decorative

79

Dickinson, Edmund

9, 10, 24, 37, 51

Earthenwares

See Coarseware

Elevations

100

E.R. groups, dating of

53ff

E.R. numbers, explanation of

5

Escutcheons,

brass

31, 35, 74, 79

drawer pull

79

keyhole

74, 79

misc.

79

musket

40

iron

80

Everard, Thomas

51

Excavation, previous

47

Faience

See Delftware

Faience, Rouen

34

Fencelines

29ff

Ferguson, Joseph

52

Files

35

half-round

78

marked, half round

78

rectangular

78

triangular

78

Fireback

14

Fireplace, of residence

13

Fittings, misc.

79

Flagstone

95

Flints,

gun

9, 34, 39

French

39

grips

40

Frenchman's map

6, 9, 19, 30, 48

Furnace

36

Furniture

79

Williamsburg

37

See individual headings

Gazette, Virginia

109

Gill, Henry

15, 51

Gladist, John

51

Glass

43, 45

American

29, 46

bottles

46

bottle, seals

46

bottles, cylindrical, small

46

case bottles,

eighteenth-century

97

nineteenth-century

99

crown, window

14

decanter

45, 51

handle

92

jars

46

molded

47

opaque

46, 85

tankard

46, 85

table, fragment of

47

tumbler

90

window

96

wine bottles,

eighteenth century

16, 27, 46, 82, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99

nineteenth century

92

used for paint

35

wine glasses

45, 97

Gouge bit

78

small

78

G.R. on files

78

G.R. on stoneware

45

Granite

76

Grating, iron

74

Greenhow, John

109

bottle seal of

46

Griffin, Samuel

52

Grigaut, Paul L.

50

Grindstones

78

Gun,

butt plate

40

fittings, brass

9

flints

9, 34, 39

flint grips

40

locks

9, 40

musket

40

thimbles

40

Halfpenny,

George II

42

kitchen

18

residence

16

Virginian

16, 18, 42

Hamilton, George

51

Handles,

cutlery, bone

42

drawer, iron

32

drop, brass

79

Hardware,

builders'

40, 74ff

cabinet

35

domestic

40

furniture,

brass

9, 79

iron

80

Harness

40, 92

bosses

41

bridle pieces

40

buckles

40, 41

saddle hardware

40

Harps, jews, iron

40

Harpsichords, repaired at shop

39

Harwood, Humphrey

25, 28

Hasps

74, 80

Hay,

Anthony

51

will of

109

Mrs.

9, 25, 51

Heuvel, J.

35, 37

Hinge

36, 40, 74

brass

36

butt

74

butterfly

79

cabinet

79

clock

36

gate

74

H, dec.

74

HL

74

iron

40, 74

offset

74

ornamental

36

pintle

74

strap

94

trimmed, brass

36, 79

trimmings from

37, 79, 80

T-shaped

14

Hoe

41

Hooks,

fireplace

75

ornamental

36

Hornsby, Thomas, bottle seal of

46

House, sale of

109

Inkwell, lead

42

Inventory, A. Hay, estate of

44, 109

Ironstone

87, 91, 99

Kettle, spout, copper

94

Keys

75

Kitchen

6, 16ff

artifacts from

18

bond of

16

brick sizes of

16, 71, 73

chimney

16

mortar of

16

bond of

16

coins from

18

dating of

6, 18

destruction date of

6, 19

floor of

17, 18

foundations of

16, Fig. 4

mortar of

17

pier of

16, 17

size of

17

Knife

42

pocket

96

Knob

75

desk slider from

80

Landscaping

20

Latches,

cabinet door

79

ornamental

75

plain

75

Laths,

of shop extension

10

of residence

14

Lead,

balance wheel for lathe

41

bale seal

41

balls

34, 40

grips

40

inkwell

42

roundel, gilded

41

white

80

Lead glazed teapot

44

Leather, board covered with

37, 79

Leg, table

37, 79

Lime, paving laid in

33

Limestone

76

Links, sleeve

41

Littler's Blue, teapot

44

Locks

40

bolt

75

cabinet, iron

9, 37, 80

cabinet, measurements

37, 51

chest, iron

80

dating for

40

gun

9, 40

rim

75

trunk

29

wooden case

75

Mace, cane in shape of

42

Marble,

fragment

76

glass

93

Metalworking

36

furnace for

36

Mirror, plate

80

Money, type for

41

Mortar

95

shop

7

shop ext.

10

kitchen

17

paths

32

residence

12

well

28

Molding, wood

79

Musket,

ball

34

escutcheon

40

lock

40

Nails,

brass

80

builders

36, 80, 82

attaching caster to leg

38

vitrified

36

Newman, Eric

49

Nicolson, Robert

109

Notes

47ff

Oboe

39, 50

Oystershells

89

Padlocks

14

brass, miniature

31

Paint,

bottle bottom used for

35, 80

chamberpot used for, red

35, 80

chamberpot used for, white

35, 80

white, plaster of residence

10, 14

Paper, glazing for

9

Paths

31ff

bricks used for

32

tiles used for

32

Paving

33, 34, 49

Pearlware

15, 26, 85, 89, 94

marked fragment

26

Peat, layer of

39

Pencils, slate

41, 80

Pewter

42

See individual headings

Pipes, clay tobacco

11, 85, 92

Pistol, brass key plate from

37, 40

Planes, blades (or irons) of

35, 78

Planting

34

Plaster,

white painted

10, 14, 31, 32

spread

9, 10, 31, 32, 33

Plate, mirror

80

Plates,

delftware

15

escutcheon

31

pewter

42

Platform

22ff

dating of

23

measurement of

22

Portland stone

76

Posts,

cedar

30

fence

30, 88

Post holes

29

near kitchen

29

near residence

30

near shop

29

Pot, iron

90

Poulett, Earl, bottle seal of

46

Powder magazine

48

Prentis, bottle seal of

46

Public Store, Williamsburg

9, 39

Pulls,

desk slider

36

drawer

31, 36, 79

Pully, wooden wheel from

38

Punches

78

Purbeck marble

77, 97

Queen's Creek

20

Rail,

chair crest

38, 79

base, chest

38

Rake

41

Rasps

35, 78

Real, fragment of

42

Reconstruction, conjectural

frontispiece

Red ware, teapot

44

Reports,

Colonial Williamsburg Archaeological

47, 48

Colonial Williamsburg Research

47, 49, 50, 109

Residence

6, 11ff, 48

basement of

11

bond of

12

brick, water table

12

bricks of

12

sizes of

71, 73

ceiling, coved

14

chimney

12, 48

bricks of

12, 13

mortar of

13

coins from

16

construction of

6, 15, 47, 48

date of

6, 14f

dating of

6, 14f, 15

destruction date of

6, 15

door of

14

fireplace of

13

foundations of

Fig. 2

hinge, iron

14

laths

14

mortar of

12

paving, south of

31, 73

pier of

12

plaster from

14

painted from

14

previous excavation of

11

size of

11

stratigraphy under

Fig. 3

superstructure of

14

windows

14

window glass from

14

Ring,

brass, curtain

41

wood from well

27, 41

Ripping, Edward

48, 51

Roofing materials

19f, 48, 69

tiles

19, 48

Roundel, gilded lead

41

Rule, hinge from folding

80

Saddle, hardware

40

Saltglaze white

44, 85, 90, 91

grey cored

44

Scaffold pole, holes of

29

Schist

76

Scott, Peter, house of

47

Scratch blue, stoneware

44

Scythe, tang from

41

Seal,

bale lead

41

bottle

46

Sections, key to

Fig. 10

Shaw

44

Shop, cabinet

6ff

"basement" of

8

bond of

7

brick sizes of

71ff

chimney

7, 8, 9, 69

artifacts below

36

Site chronology

51

Skillet,

handles

40

tin

29

Slate

76

pencil

41, 80

Slipware

91

Small finds

41

See individual headings

Snuffers

40

Spade blade

41

Spike, railroad

97

Spinnets, repaired at shop

39

Spoons, pewter

29, 42

Staples

75

Steps

31

brickwork of

31

destruction date of

31

foundation

31

mortar of

31

Stone, distribution of

76ff

"Stones" glass

41

Stoneware,

American, nineteenth century

94

bellarmines

45

brown

45, 86

dated medallion

45

German

See Rhenish or Westerwald

nineteenth century

92, 97

Rhenish

35, 43, 45, 84, 86, 91, 94, 96, 97

Westerwald

35, 43, 45, 84, 86, 91, 94, 96, 97

white saltglaze

44, 85, 90, 91

Yorktown

45

Store, Williamsburg Public

9, 39

Stratification site

81

Stream,

bed of

6, 8, 20

bridge over

21

division of

6, 20ff

eighteenth century course

20ff, 24, Fig. 5

filled in

21

first, dating of

8

silting up of

23, 24, 25

valley, stratification of

81, Fig. 6

wrapping of

21

bank,

east

20

artifacts from

14

west,

artifacts from

11, 15, 43

Structural features, summary of

6

Sword, knuckle bow from

37, 40

Table, walnut leg of

37, 79

Tacks,

brass

36, 80

in wood

36

iron

37

upholstery

80

Tazewell, John, bottle seal of

46

Terrace

27

Thimbles

41

gun

40

Tiles,

delftware, in residence

13

paving

32

size of

73

roofing

9, 19, 28, 69

dating for

20

distribution of

69, 70

Tin,

fragment

85

skillet

29

Tongs,

fire

40

sugar

41

Tools

9

cabinet making

35

Topography

20, 49

Trebell, William

109

Trees

34

Trunk, lock

29

Tub, wooden

29

Type, lead money

41

Underpinning, of Hay residence

12, 47

Valley, section through

Fig. 8, 9

Vessels,

cooking,

iron

40

tin

40

Waddill, J. Temple

49

Wall, John

51

Window,

glass, on platform

23

glazing of

9

Wood

37ff, 82

See individual headings

condition of excavated

37, 38, 39

disposal of

38

grooved fragment

79

leather covered

37, 79

scrape from stream

38

shavings

37

storage of

8, 38

I have pleasure in submitting for your consideration the first two volumes of the Anthony Hay Archaeological report.

There are the usual four copies in all, three of which have been given to Mrs. Goff for accession. I shall be grateful if, having read the top copy, and always supposing that it meets with your approval, that you will pass it on to Mrs. Goff so that she has a record of all four copies.

I would like at this time to express my appreciation for the excellent work and cooperation that I have received in this project from Mr. Knight without whom Volume I would have been a very sorry compilation.

I am hoping that one copy of Volume III will be in your hands soon after Christmas. Unfortunately there will be some delay in the transmission of the carbons as the photography laboratory is still working on a number of the prints.