Colonial Williamsburg Digital Library

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THE PLAN OF CHOWNING'S

Chowning's Tavern plan consists in its reconstruction of two buildings, both eighteenth century in character, joined by an eleven foot intermediate center link. The reconstructed building elements which compose the plan were placed upon fragmentary old foundations, as discovered by the archaeologists of Colonial Williamsburg. [see archaeological report: Archaeological Survey of Foundations of Annex Site, Williamsburg, Virginia, July 17, 1939. Made by James M. Knight.] Because it is built of building components, the plan lacks the regularity of a typical eighteenth century dwelling. The nature of its growth, with part added to part, is expressed externally. It resembles many a Virginia building that passed through the same sequence of change and addition. Buildings that resemble Chowning's are found in Gloucester, Surry and Accomac counties. Chowning's form is, perhaps, most typical of the Eastern Shore of Virginia although specimens are also found in the Williamsburg locality, having in mind the end to end growth of the John Blair House on Duke of Gloucester Street, also Coke-Garrett House, near the Capitol. All of these illustrate a growth in this periodical manner. We have selected for illustration of this principle the Bull House in Accomac County which closely resembles the grouping of Chowning's Tavern in Williamsburg.

[Photograph]

First Floor Plan - Chowning's

Second Floor Plan - Chowning's

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From Frenchman's Map

The most important basis for the rebuilding of Chowning's Tavern was the Frenchman's Map (c. 1783) which shows two buildings on the tavern foundations, separated by a space that is approximately the same as was revealed by the archaeological excavations. The pair of buildings as shown by the Frenchman was to be sure, almost two decades after the time when Josiah Chowning established himself as a tavern keeper (see research notes in addendum). The actual basis for joining the two buildings together into a single conglomerate building was the assertion of Mr. Charles, who in his "Recollections" said:

"This house was always regarded as an oddity in construction, having two large rooms in front, with two flights of narrow stairs, one on each side of a partition leading from a front platform to rooms above. The house next door was much in appearance as it is today, except the front room on Duke of Gloucester Street was the highest, and was reached by several stone steps."

Mr. Charles insinuates in his recollections that the two old buildings, perhaps the eighteenth century ones, had been removed to make way for houses built by a Dr. Griffin.

The absence of several outbuildings at the rear seem to show that these had either been removed at an earlier date or that they were built after the time when the Frenchman's map was drafted.

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Arbors

ARBOR AT REAR OF TAVERN USED FOR OUTDOOR SERVICE

Because of frequent references to arbors attached to taverns and because of the nature of the early clientele it was thought feasible that the tavern service should extend into the yard at the rear. Hening Statutes at Large, October, 1748, refers to the retailing of liquors in arbors, etc. Regulations listed in these statutes appear to have been directed against the unlicensed sale of liquors in the arbor, but most pointedly against tavern keepers who "shall suffer persons to play at any unlawful game or games whatsoever in his house, shed, booth, arbor or stalls, either by night or day". . . Offenders shall forfeit and pay £5 current money of the Dominion."

The area to the north of the tavern in its reconstruction was brick paved. Here tables and seats were placed for the use of guests. An arbor for shade was installed, fashioned of rustic stringers, lesser poles and plain wood (locust) posts. Native scuppernong grapes were planted so as to overrun the arbor to produce a leafy shade in summer time.^*

THE ARBOR WAS A GATHERING PLACE FOR TOWNSPEOPLE

Thus the arbor, as reconstructed, extends the operation of the tavern (for eating and dining) into its immediate surroundings; but it also continues a tradition of the rural inn where the heads of families and townspeople gathered for chatting over ^vittles and a tankard of ale.

Arbour built at the rear of the Chowning's Tavern, continuing the eighteenth century practice of providing outside dining areas as an adjunct of Virginia Ale Houses. Hening's statutes include regulation of drinking and gaming in inn arbours.

NORTH ELEVATION

GENERAL CONSIDERATION

This is the rear elevation of "Chowning's"; facing the brick-paved and arbor-covered yard -- an area used as an adjunct to the tavern during the eighteenth century. Deliveries are made, today, to the kitchen and the cellar at this north side. At the same time, guests of the bar or dining rooms can go directly to the arbored dining tables outside. Because of the considerable importance of this elevation much thought was given to its architectural appearance. The building design suggests the joining together of two buildings of colonial character by a central connecting link. The building at the right has a roof line broken by a projection to the north that forms the kitchen. The architects have suggested by the treatment of the kitchen walls, the idea that an early porch was closed in to become the kitchen. This was done in effect by the insertion of a windowed wall between porch columns. A suggestion of change of date is given by the use of wider weatherboarding for this supposed addition. The three doorways on this elevation are placed where they naturally serve as entrance to the bar, to a service passageway and to the dining room at right. The building is a story and a half in height, with seven 24 dormers above and six windows and three doorways on the ground floor level. One central chimney serves the building at the left while the building at right has a pair of T shaped chimneys.

SHINGLES

The roof is surfaced with square butt asbestos cement shingles, manufactured for Colonial Williamsburg and adopted as a firesafe substitute for eighteenth century wood shingles. Their texture and color correspond with the appearance of slightly roughened and weathered wood shingles. In addition they conform with local fire regulations. It is of some interest to recall that during the 18th century the American colonists are known to have sought a safe substitute for the inflamable wood shingle.^*

DORMERS

The end dormers are alike in their having 15 lights (3 wide, 5 high), each with 8" x 10" glass. The dormer of the center part has 12 panes of glass (3 wide, 4 high) 8" x 10" in size. All dormers have gable ends with tapered barge boards and flush beaded boarding within the gable pediment.

Precedent:	Timson House, at front
	Casey's Gift (8 light dormers)
	Bracken House (beaded edge to barge boards)

All of the listed precedent examples are of the eighteenth century. The dormers have 6 lights in the upper (fixed) sash and 9 in the lower sash. The dormer sides have flush boarding with beaded edge and random width. These boards follow the slope 25 of the roof, according to common practice.

CORNICE

The cornices at the roof edge of the tavern are alike for the east and west buildings on both front and rear, excepting as noted:

The fascia below the crown molding of the West Building cornice is slightly greater (vertically) than the fascia on the East Building. The crown mold, bed mold and projection from the building are identical.

The full set of molds composing the cornice of the connecting building are also the same but the projected overhang is reduced by two inches. (See illustration, p. 42)

Precedent:	Cornice at Liberty Hall, Essex County, Virginia, near Indian Neck, has a similar bird beak drip and other details.
Local Precedent:	Greenhow-Repiton Storehouse.

The cornice of connecting building is the same as for the West Building but with planceer-overhang here reduced to 2 ¼".

Precedent:	As noted for West Building.

GUTTERS AND LEADERS

There are no roof-edge gutters and no down spouting. For gutters at base of wall, see under brickwork.

WALL SURFACE

The entire facing of Chowning's Tavern is of beaded-edge weatherboarding with approximately 6" exposure, excepting on 26 kitchen projections where flush weatherboarding of random widths (8" to 10") occurs.^*

CHIMNEYS

There are two T shaped chimneys (one at each end) on the West Building. They are built inside the end walls and express by shape and location a first-half-century date.^** The East Building has a single chimney near the center of the north side. Since this part (believed to have been a shop or ware house) was found by its characteristics and records to be of later date, a rectangular chimney stack was adopted for it. There were no footings found to indicate chimney location; however, much of the underpinning and foundation walls had vanished with the basement diggings for a succession of late buildings on this location. After study and preparation of schemes it was decided to follow the plan pattern of the period around 1766 when Josiah Chowning was tavern keeper on the site.

Chimney

The chimney caps of both buildings are alike. It was natural that a later chimney cap would follow the same stepped appearance of an earlier one. Poplar Hall near Williamsburg was Precedent for the cap design, as shown on this page. The profile of Casey's Gift chimney cap in also similar to that of Chownings.

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Precedent for the chimney within the end wall, as of the West Building is found in Hungars Glebe, Northampton County, Eastern Shore ^{Capt. Orr's House, Williamsburg, east chimney}. The T shaped chimneys follow the examples of the Bracken House of Williamsburg.^* The rectangular chimney shape was found frequently after 1770, as with the St. George Tucker House.

The brickwork of all chimneys was flashed where they pass through the roof. While lead flashing was used during the late eighteenth century, lead coated sheet copper has become the accepted flashing for eighteenth century buildings. This was adopted for restoration and reconstruction work as more lasting than sheet lead.

BARGE BOARDS

There are none on the north elevation since no gables occur on the north side. See east and west elevation for discussion of this detail.

CORNER BOARDS

There are corner boards at the extreme north-east and north-west angles of the tavern group. These consist of 2 ½" wide boards, beaded at the outer edge. They are intended to receive the ends of weatherboarding which is butted tight against them. The 2 ½" face is exposed on the north and south faces of the building while a 1 1/8" edge appears on the east and west gable ends. This is in accord with traditional Virginia practice.

Precedent: A similar one-way corner board is found at the Timson and the Brush-Everard Houses in Williamsburg. In all cases their thickness is approximately 1 1/8" - 1 ¼" which is sufficiently 28 thick to allow the weatherboard to terminate against the corner piece without projection beyond the face of the board.

DOORS

Doors in each of the three door openings of North Elevation have six raised panels.

Precedent:	Brush-Everard House (s. w. room)
	Servient House, Door #4
	Orrell House (Entry on north)

WINDOWS

The two windows on the ground floor of this facade near the end of the East and West Buildings have each 18 panes of glass, 9" x 11" in size. There are three 12 light windows in the kitchen part of the North Elevation. Here the glass size is 8" x 10". A fourth window in the connecting part at center is the same as for the kitchen.

These windows exist on the strength of what was typical for buildings of the locality late in the eighteenth century. As has been pointed out in an earlier part of this report all fragments of the original "Chownings" had disappeared; it was therefore necessary to follow the example of existing buildings, contemporary with the original Chowning's Tavern.

Precedent for these windows from eighteenth century Virginia buildings follows:

18 Light Sash (3 wide, 56 high)

• Brush-Everard House, 1st floor identical
• "Adam-Thorougood House", Drawings made by Colonial Williamsburg, Princess Anne County
• "Wales" Dinwiddie County
• Main Farm, near Williamsburg

12 Light Sash (3 wide, 4 high)

• S. E. gable of Brush-Everard House

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BASEMENT SASH

There are 5 basement windows on the north side; all were placed in areaways below the level of the finish grade. These windows are modern. Their function is to bring light into an otherwise dark basement. They are glazed in the manner of present-day basement windows and are without wood grills. An inconspicuous iron-grill or grating is placed over each of the areaways at ground level.

SHUTTERS

Shutters with three panels appear on the North Elevation in the two end windows, facing north. The triple panels on each shutter are typical for the Williamsburg region. The shutters shown on an early photograph of the Red Lion Inn is precedent for the same design used on this companion tavern. Similar three paneled shutters also occur on some of the windows of "Wales", Dinwiddie County, Virginia, and at Main Farm near Williamsburg. Comparing the eighteenth century popularity of paneled and louvered shutters in the locality, it seems that the wood paneled variety is more frequently found than the ones with louvers.

PORCH

A remnant of a supposed early porch was placed as a projecting kitchen at the north side. A kitchen within the floor area of the house is purely a convenience for modern tavern service. The walls of this projecting kitchen are set between 4 square columns, while three windows are regularly spaced between the columns. The columns have a simply molded cap but without a projecting base.

The eighteenth century porch which the architects had in mind in creating this design exists in the Galt Cottage on Duke of Gloucester Street. The projecting kitchen form is indicative of change that occurs in buildings over the years.

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BASEMENT WALL (below first floor level)

Brickwork of the basement wall, exposed above grade and extending up to approximately the first floor level is laid with English bond. The nature of the basement wall bond as shown here follows the usual eighteenth century bricklaying practice.

BRICK SIZE

Brick size for foundations averages 8 ½" x 4" x 2 5/8". The brickwork where exposed to view above grade was laid in oyster-shell lime and sand mortar.

WEATHERBOARDING

Precedent for weatherboarding is ascribed to Farmington, Charles City County, where the molded edge or beading is not a quarter round but a segment of an oval. Other instances of the same molded edge for weatherboarding is found at St. John's House, Williamsburg, demolished during the early years of the Restoration but after measured drawings of the building had been made.

FLUSH BOARDING

For flush boarding as at the sloped edge of the porch and between the porch columns, we turn for precedent to the outbuildings of Wigwam, Nansemont ^Amelia County.

BULKHEAD

A sloping top bulkhead was built against the connecting part that joined together the East and West Buildings. While no foundation evidence existed for the bulkhead and cellar steps, at the same time it was obvious that a basement must have belonged to the typical tavern for storage of their ales and as a wine cellar.

This was particularly true in a day when the cellar was almost the sole location where liquors and foodstuffs could be kept cool in summer.

We have already observed that most of the ground beneath the building had been disturbed by frequent excavation for later buildings.

The arrangement of a stoop and bulkhead, directly adjoining 31 one another, is based upon a nearly similar combination at the restored Cole Shop on Duke of Gloucester Street.

Detail of wall framing between two parts of the Bar Room .

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EAST ELEVATION

GENERAL

This gable end view of Chowning's Tavern facing to the east shows two shuttered windows on the ground floor (Bar Room) and a single 15 light window at the upper story.

A side view of a porch is shown at left. This faces Duke of Gloucester Street. A side view of the kitchen appears at right. This feature, as we have noted, is intended to express the idea of an earlier porch, made over to become a kitchen for modern usage.

SHINGLES

There are no roof shingles on this elevation, excepting at the sides of dormers. Here as elsewhere the shingles have square butts and are similar in their ^{match those of the} asbestos-cement composition, to the shingles of the main roof. See under North Elevation the subject of shingles for a more complete account of their character and composition.

DORMER WINDOWS

Only the side view of dormers is shown on this elevation. Dormers are described in full under North Elevation.

The sides of dormers are faced with flush beaded boards of random width. The slope of these boards is the same as the roof slope, in accordance with local Virginia practice.

CORNICE

The front and rear cornices are shown here with end boards. See North and South Elevations for an account of cornices and their design precedent.

CORNICE END BOARDS

The cornice profile is concealed behind a traditional end board. These end boards (against which the cornice moldings are butted), duplicate, with a slight variation, the end cornice-boards at Martin's Hundred (Skiffs Creek) near Lee Hall.

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GUTTERS AND LEADERS

There are no hanging gutters or sections of downspouting. A brick gutter at the surface of the ground serves to receive rain dripping from the roof edge. Such a gutter is found on both the north and south sides of the building. These gutters were used here because of abundant colonial precedent for their early use. The Barraud House, Timson House and the Governor's Palace all have or had fragments of such "base-of-the-wall" gutters in place, an heritage from the eighteenth century.

These surface gutters are pitched slightly so that the roof water that they gather is conveyed toward a drain.

WALL SURFACE

Exterior walls of the East Elevation are surfaced with overlapping weatherboarding with a beaded edge at the exposed butt end. See North Elevation for discussion. Flush boarding, beaded and of random widths was used at sides of dormers, at ends of front entrance porch (South Elevation) at ends of kitchen roof and bulkhead ends. Flush boarding with beaded edge was also used as a facing of kitchen walls between square columns.

PORCH

There is no porch on this elevation. See North and South Elevations for reference to this feature.

DOORS

There are no doors on this facade.

WINDOWS AND SHUTTERS

The two windows on the ground floor are the same as the end windows of the first floor, North Elevation.

The single gable end window, second floor has 15 lights. These windows in their number of lights repeat the sash size of the tavern dormers.

Precedent: 2nd floor, west end of Tayloe House. The two panelled shutters are simplified version of the ground floor shutters. Precedent: Mount Airy, Richmond County, outbuilding, 35 second floor.

BASEMENT WALL

Approximately four courses of brickwork are exposed above the ground level and up to the lowest weatherboard. Basement brickwork here as elsewhere in Williamsburg, generally, is laid in English bond. Bricks, in color, are a soft tan red. Their size averages 8 ½" x 4" x 2 5/8". Their mortar consists of sand, oyster-shell lime and a proportion of modern cement.

CHIMNEYS

The east elevation shows the sides of the center chimney at east end of the west unit and the side of chimney in the bar room. These chimneys and their treatment at top are described under North Elevation. Their brickwork is laid in a variation of Flemish bond. It is not possible in brickwork with limited length of courses to achieve perfect Flemish bond courses without use of special closures as "starters". Brickwork in places such as the sides of chimneys, follows eighteenth century bricklaying practice.

BARGE BOARDS

The barge-boards at roof edge are tapered slightly, with the thinner end at the top of the gable. This board continues its slope to meet the cornice end-board to which it is united with an invisible joint. The lower edge of the barge board is beaded. This bead is continuous from the gable top downward until the bead meets the vertical corner board. Here the beaded cornerboard continues to ¾" bead downward to the line of basement brickwork. ^{BB on north porch?}

GENERAL NOTES

There are almost no new architectural features on this elevation not discussed elsewhere. This view shows the slightly higher roof line of the West Unit. Both the East and West units have the same roof slope. See under North and South Elevations for further reference to precedent.

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SOUTH ELEVATION

GENERAL REMARKS

This is the principal front of "Chowning's" with all of its part by part additions clearly discerned in the reconstruction. The joining of the two end units with a connecting link and three entrances was based on archaeological remains unearthed under direction of the Architectural Department. The building is on the south edge of the building site. It was on this south side that foundations were found the least disturbed.

ARCHITECTURAL APPEARANCE

The west building, as reconstructed, appears as a story and a half house. Its doorway on the ground floor is flanked by two windows on one side and a single window on the other. There are four dormers in the roof. T shaped, non-projecting chimneys are at either end, suggesting by its characteristics a fairly early date.

The East Building has two windows flanking a doorway and a four light wide shop window near its east end. Three gabled dormers admit light to the upper floor. A chimney, not visible in perspective is near the center and rear of the building. This unit has the appearance of an eighteenth century shop. The central connecting link has a lower roof which descends forward to form a shed over an entrance porch. Because of proximity to the street, the steps face to the east and west. A wide door with two leaves, serves, in the reconstructed plan, as a central and principal entrance. It is from this entrance vestibule that one can enter directly into the bar room at right or by a passage at left to the well appointed dining room.

The overall length of this facade is 79'-4".

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SHINGLES

The roof is surfaced with asbestos cement shingles. These are fireproof by nature. Their adoption was determined by local regulation. In their making they were given the size and finish of eighteenth century wood shingles.

DORMER WINDOWS

The roof dormers on the South Elevation are eight in number. They have the same appearance as on the North Elevation, under which heading they are described in detail.

CORNICE

The cornice treatment of the East and West Building, South Elevation, is exactly the same as for the North Elevation, where their characteristics are given. The cornice of the connecting link is the same on the north and south sides. The mitering of the transomed door frame of the West Building into the run of bed moldings of the main cornice should be noted. Precedent for this as for the set of cornices is given under the North Elevation and for the doorway, under that heading, (South Elevation).

WALL SURFACE

All walls are faced with weatherboarding. See under walls, North Elevation for full account of weatherboard exposure and edge bead. There is no flush, beaded edge boarding on this elevation.

PORCH

The porch is formed by the extension of the roof to cover a 6'-0" wide x 8'-6" porch platform. The extended roof has a lesser roof slope than the building roof from which it is continuous. The porch cornice repeats the profile of the cornice of the East Building, slightly reduced in scale and without projection beyond the face of the supporting columns.

The two columns at the outer edge of the porch and the two half-columns against the building are Doric in character. They are turned from solid 4" x 4" posts with doric cap and tapered to 39 the scotia base, just above the height of the porch railing. The columns are based upon the porch design of the old part of the Coke-Garrett House, Williamsburg. The so called Chinese railing at the outer porch edge is also detailed as a variation, made to fit the porch width of the same Coke-Garrett Porch. Similar railings are found at the Croaker House, near Toano, Charles City County.

DOOR

The porch door is two valve, each door having 3 panels as with the western door way of the John Blair House on Duke of Gloucester Street. A similar door (2 valve, each with 3 panels) is found at Martin's Hundred, on Skiff's Creek, near Williamsburg. The entrance doorway to the west end has a transom above, based on the transomed door of Captain Orr's Dwelling. In the case of Chowning's Tavern the bed moldings above the eight-light transom project slightly and are mitered above the doorway width.

DOOR WITH TRANSOM

The doorway that is a part of the East Building design is restrained in treatment. It consists of a six paneled framed by a double faced trim.

STEPS

The steps of both of the end doorways are of stone. Fragments of gray stone, resembling Purbek marble were found in the excavated area of the doors.

A wrought iron railing borders the east and vast edges of the porch platform of the West Building doorway, adding to its dignity and in deference to its more finished treatment. This railing in its restrained form is a recall of a railing in Winston-Salem, 18th century in time and of the same simplicity. See Architectural files (photos) showing the precedent illustration.

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WINDOWS

There are 5 eighteen light sash, glass size, 10" x 12". These windows and their design origin are discussed above under North Elevation. Shutters are traced to their design origin under North Elevation.

SIGNS

See discussion under General Remarks concerning signs.

SHOP WINDOW

The shop window on the southeast face of the tavern front facing Duke of Gloucester Street is intended to convey the idea that the East Building was used for a period as a shop. The shop window introduced into the design is a close replica of known shop windows (England and America) that are of the eighteenth century. Old shop windows were sought out with considerable care. The following are among the examples that were considered as precedent:

• A residence-store combination. occupied by David Alling, 345-7 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey, built during the latter part of the eighteenth century. The building was used as a place of business until almost 1850. The shop character as well as the window of this example was studied and imitated.
• A second example is found in the publication Quaint Corners of Philadelphia, p. 208; also page 236, old Bradford House with its shop of a watchmaker. Numerous photographs of English eighteenth century shops show windows of this form. See collected photographic illustrations of E. M. Frank in Architectural Division, Colonial Williamsburg.

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The window of Chowning's is 4 lights wide by 5 lights high. This is somewhat similar to the wide windows of Brafferton.

BASEMENT WINDOWS

There are no basement windows on the South Elevation. This is in accordance with eighteenth century practice. There was a tradition that where wines were stored in a cellar, (tavern or inn) there should be windows on the north side but none on the side facing south. This, obviously, was to exclude the heat from the southern sun.

SHUTTERS

The three panel shutters of the lower floor are typical for Williamsburg. Precedent for this type shutter is derived from the Red Lion Inn, illustrated in an early (1900) photograph in the files of the Architectural Department. The two paneled shutters are likewise, local in their origin. They are the natural second floor accompaniment to the three paneled shutter of the first floor level. A shutter with two panels appears on the gable end of the Brush-Everard House. Fragments of such a paneled shutter were discovered in the basement of the house at the time that the house was restored.

Roof Pitch

Elevation

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WEST ELEVATION

The west end of Chownings faces on Court House Square and is a duplicate (in reverse) of the east facade. This elevation shows the rear projection that encloses a kitchen and a projecting porch toward Duke of Gloucester Street. While the first floor sash are similar to the windows of the opposite end, their glass size is shown slightly smaller. Shutters at the window's are alike on all sides of the tavern. The appearance of dormers and such details as cornice end boards, barge boards of gable and weatherboarding is alike the length and breadth of the building. For the kitchen projection a wider board, with flush beaded joints is used, partly to express the added nature of the kitchen wing. It must be borne in mind that "Chownings" is a reconstructed tavern built on fragmentary but recognizable foundations.

SHUTTERS

The three panel shutters of the lower floor are typical for Williamsburg. Precedent for this type shutter is derived from the Red Lion Inn, illustrated in an early (1900) photograph in the files of the Architectural Department. The two paneled shutters are likewise local in their origin. They are the natural second floor accompaniment to the three paneled shutter of the first floor level. A shutter with two panels appears on the gable end of the Brush-Everard House. Fragments of such a paneled shutter were discovered in the basement of the house at the time that the house was restored.

SHINGLES

These are of asbestos cement with square butts. They were made under direction of Colonial Williamsburg to simulate old wood 44 shingles that are partly weathered. See discussion (East Elevation) concerning fire safety requirements in Williamsburg. Shingles appear on dormers only in this elevation.

WINDOWS

The windows of this elevation are 18 light sash; glass size 10" x 12". Precedent: Brush-Everard House, lst floor; Main Farm, near Williamsburg; Wales, Dinwiddie County. Second floor level window, three wide and five lights high is based on the second floor window of the west end of the Tayloe House.

PORCH

There is no porch on this West Elevation.

BRICKWORK

All exposed brickwork for the foundations, approximately four courses, is laid in English bond. The bricks on the exposed surface are reproductions of the old bricks. They were made under the direction of Colonial Williamsburg in the eighteenth century manner. Their surface and color reproduces the color and texture of colonial brick. They are laid with a mixture of oyster shell lime and cement and have the appearance of colonial and old brickwork.

WEATHERBOARDING

Precedent for weatherboarding on Chownings is ascribed to Farmington, Charles City County, where the molded edge or beading is not a quarter-round but is a segment of an oval. St. John's House, Williamsburg, (now destroyed) had a similar edge. See Photographic files of the Architectural Division of Colonial Williamsburg.

There is no flush boarding on this elevation.

ROOF SLOPE

See accompanying drawing on p. 41.

PROGRESS PHOTOGRAPHS

The following photographs served the architects in establishing the form of Chowning's Tavern:

N 370	East End of Court House Green
N 799, N 80	Views of Williamsburg Inn Annex before its renovation by Colonial Williamsburg
N 3988	Williamsburg Inn Annex reconditioned
N 5989	Archaeological excavations at Annex site, Block 19, Area C
N 5990	Archaeological remains of two kitchen foundations, Area C
N 5991	Archaeological excavations showing early well and wellhead foundation
N 5993	Firebox or pit for supporting kettle
N 5992	Remains of early outbuilding
N 5996	Brick footings at south side of Chowning site
N 6595, N 6596,	Chowning's Tavern under construction
N 6630, N 6642,
N 6718
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N 6761	Chowning's -- arbor at rear, showing uprights and roof frame
N 6789	Parking area of Chowning's Tavern
N 6817	Completed Tavern with dummy trees, installed to give appearance of trees of several years growth

KITCHEN (5B)

The kitchen is reconstructed on the exterior alone. The interior is arranged with a fireplace, bathroom and closet. The building is intended for living and is heated with lines that run from the main building to a small heating chamber beneath the floor at the southwest angle of the room. An access door to this heating pipe chamber is concealed in the closet.

FIREPLACE

The principal architectural treatment of the interior is applied to the fireplace. This consists of an arched brick chimneypiece and firechamber within which there is an inner fireplace opening, slightly recessed, of lesser dimensions; with a face, toward the room, surfaced with smooth plaster, painted. The chimney is taken from a model in an early building of Accomac County - the West House. It is a type of chimney that belongs to the early years of settlement.

The mantel shelf consists of a simple board with molded edge, supported at each end by a bracket, one inch in thickness. This mantel was derived from an original one at Chelsea, beyond West Point, Virginia.

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Floor boards are random width boards, face nailed with wrought iron nails and the floor planed to a smooth surface.

Window trim consists of a 4" board with beaded inner edge and an inch and a half ogee molding at the outer edge. The trim entirely surrounds the windows. "Casey's Gift" in Williamsburg had similar single molded trim.

Walls are plastered and have a 4 ½" wide baseboard with beaded top edge. Practically all houses in Williamsburg had such a base.

There is no chair railing nor stairs.

DAIRY (5D)

The dairy is reconstructed on the exterior only while the interior is without finish. The building is in the form of a precise square, and measures 12'-1" by 12'-1" in plan. There is a brick pier at each of its four corners, each side measuring 1'-9 ¾". Wood framing with flush faced random width boarding fills the intermediate space. These details will be described below. The pyramidal roof with a steep slope was considered the 66 normal dairy roof of Virginia. The precedent for the dairy design with this same angular brick treatment is the familiar Westover outbuilding near the east garden.

The dairy shingles are with round butts known as "Williamsburg Mohawk" asbestos shingles. These shingles were adopted for roofing within the restored area because of their fireproof nature. In their manufacture they are given the appearance of rough textured wood shingles and with color that resembles the weathered gray of wood. The dairy roof shingles are with round butts and with sloped sides to shingles (fan tail) near the roof hips.

DORMER WINDOWS

There are none.

CORNICE

The cornice, with slight projection, is composed of a crown molding and its accompanying fascia. Precedent for this type of cornice is the Westover example and it is also found in the case of the Archibald Blair Smokehouse, and the outbuildings of Elkington on the Eastern Shore.

GUTTERS

There are no gutters or rain water leaders.

WALL SURFACE

The wall surface is of flush, random width cypress boarding with beaded edge. This follows the manner in which siding was applied to the same facing at Westover. At the center of all elevations excepting where the door occurs there is a louvered opening for ventilation, again repeating a detail from Westover.^*

PORCH

None

DOOR

This is a flush board door with a beaded edge to each board. There are three battens to which the boards and the strap hinges 67 are attached.

HINGES

The doors are hung on colonial type wrought iron hinges, 30" long (C. W. No. F20) attached with wrought iron nails. The door is fastened with the aid of wrought iron staples and wood pin, secured by a leather strap. All nails are of colonial appearance with wrought heads.

WINDOWS

There are no windows or shutters.

FOUNDATION AND OTHER BRICK WALLS

The foundation is of brick, laid Flemish, as is the brickwork of the angle piers. The brick pattern of piers is a variant of Flemish, with concessions to the need for closure bricks along with bricks of normal size. The size and color of brick correspond faithfully with the old brickwork of eighteenth century buildings, all laid in approved oyster shell mortar.

There are no chimneys, barge or corner boards.

The roof slope is more than is common for dwellings but usual for outbuildings. The roof slope and the pronounced "kick-out" of the roof at the eaves line follows the Westover example.

The roof finial is a modification of an outbuilding finial at Port Royal. (Photograph collection, Architectural Files)

SMOKEHOUSE

GENERAL

The Smokehouse of Chowning's duplicates a typical Tidewater outbuilding smokehouse. Its size 12'-1" x 12'-1" repeats the 68 dimensions of the dairy if differs in design since it was built with wood and roofed with asbestos shingles. It is an exterior restoration, the interior was not given any finish.

SHINGLES

These are of asbestos cement, with round butts, fan-tailed at hips, and of color and texture that resemble antique wood shingles. See files of architectural Records for detailed dimensions of roof shingles for buildings within the restored area.

ROOF SLOPE

The roof slope of the Smokehouse has a ratio of pitch that is computed with a rise of 1'-9 ¾" and a base of 12". The precedent for this slope is Claremont in Surry County, at the ancient village of the Quioughcohanock Indians. The roof finial is a modification of one at Port Royal. (See architectural Files)

DORMER WINDOWS

There are no dormers, nor windows.

CORNICE

The roof cornice is a modification of the Chowning's Kitchen cornice which was derived from a late 17th century house at Pear Valley. The lower part of the roofers and rafter ends are exposed. They are rough sawn with straight saw cuts. The exposed edges of rafters are chamfered. The boarder siding extends upward to the roofers so as to close the space between the rafters.

GUTTERS

There are no gutters or leaders.

WALL SURFACE

The wall of the Smokehouse is surfaced with flush siding with beaded edge. These boards are rough sawn with vertical saw cuts as were old flush boards of the 18th century, as wrought by hand with a pit-saw or by watermill. All boards are lace nailed with wrought iron (cut) nails with hammered heads.

DOOR

The door is outward swinging as was customary with smokehouse doors so as not to interfere with hanging hams. The door is made of battens, of random width, joined by three battens at the 69 70 inside face. The door swings on two 32" strap hinges, made in a local shop for Colonial Williamsburg and from their measured drawings of an old example.

There are no windows or shutters.

FOUNDATION

The foundation wall is of brick, laid with English bond carried approximately three courses above the surface. All brick and brickwork, where exposed, resembles brick and bricklaying of the late 18th century:. Bricks are handmade in a local kiln operated by Colonial Williamsburg.

CORNER BOARDS

The corner boards face two ways at each angle of the house. This is due to the hip roof form of the building. Each face is approximately 3" in width, and has a ¾" bead at the angle.

Dairy Roof

A rambling group of buildings known during the early 20th century as Williamsburg Inn Annex. Chowning's Tavern was built in the site of this hotel. Photograph antedates the operation of the inn by Colonial Williamsburg during the early 1930's.

A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS

House at southeast corner of plot. Lines of north, east, and south walls are defined, but west wall was entirely obliterated by excavation for the Annex basement. Entrance at or near center of front can be accurately located by remnants of paving, and by fills marking location of cheek walls. The mortar on the face of this portion of the foundation walls is in a better state of preservation than elsewhere. The protection which a flight of steps would provide for the wall behind them seems the likeliest explanation of this condition.

Probable Use

Historical evidence (See Research Report and Chronological Table) does not distinguish between this building and B, Foundation of building "D" located approximately 44' north of the main group of buildings known as Chowning's Tavern. The part at right with a top surface of lime mortar is 12 feet square and is believed to be the square building shown on the Frenchman's Map. Foundation of a furnace, oven or kiln "G" partly rounded and believed to have existed at an early period. A building of the nineteenth century was built over the furnace foundation. 74 immediately to the west. Material evidence is wanting for a comparison of probable dates, for the foundation proper of B has completely disappeared. Both A and B may have been erected by John Blair before the end of 1747; or one may have been erected then, the other later. It seems safe to assume that (1) one of the two, if not both, existed before the end of 1747, (2) B existed before 1769, and (3) both existed not later than 1779 (if reference to "double store" implies two buildings), or at the very latest by the time of the Frenchman's Map.

Brick	Soft dark red. English bond. Size 8 & x 4 x 2-5/8.
Mortar	Oyster-shell lime and sand. Whitish color.
Condition	Unfit for re-use.

B.

House at southwest corner. For location of the west wall (facing Court House Green) there is no direct evidence, but it may coincide with the west line of the Annex excavation or with the projected line of the west end of Market Square Tavern. These two lines themselves nearly coincide. The east and north walls have been obliterated and their location is conjectural.

Remnants of paving along the south side of the plot give positive evidence of the location of the south wall. The paving consists of bats which are in fair condition at the north edge (marking the original house line); but the brick 12" or 18" to the south begins to be badly crushed and grades off to nothing. Such extreme wear, in an area out of the current of traffic, is strong evidence that horses were often left tied up here.

The original front stoop and steps are clearly delimited. Cheek walls and substructure of steps were of brick. A wood floor was probably used to cover the clear span between the cheek walls. Treads were of stone slabs, variable in size, and smoothed on top only (judging by the few slabs now remaining.)

A 6" fill of earth and broken shell covered the original paving in the area around the stoop. This fill was no doubt deposited in order to secure drainage as the street or sidewalk was built up.

Paving stones rested on the fill east and west of the stoop. They are similar to the treads described above, but their level indicates that they are of a later period. They may be remnants of the bottom treads of flanking steps built to return against the house, at or after the time when the grade was raised.

Probable Use
See A.

75

Brick1	Soft dark red. (Paving bats similar.) Size 8 ¼ x 4 x 2- ¾. English bond.
Mortar1	Oyster-shell lime and sand, much disintegrated, especially in the paving.
Condition	House foundations entirely obliterated, stoop and step foundations too fragmentary for effective re-use.

C.

A foundation roughly centered between entrances to A and B may indicate a connecting stoop. Now standing are three corner piers and a wall running north to south at center. The wall suggests that the floor level may have changed in the east to west length of the stoop. The date of these foundations is certainly not early, for they stand on a fill (the continuation of that described under B). The date may be that of Chowning's Tavern (1766) or Dixon's Store (1769).

Since the stoop projects nearly to the property line, steps from it probably ran along the house front.

Probable Use
The "double store" referred to in the Research report might have been structure A alone divided in two halves; or it might possibly have been B alone. But foundation C seems to form a connecting link between A and B, and may constitute evidence that the two were used together as a double store.

Brick	Soft red, 8 ¼ x 3- ¾ x 2 ½. Running bond.
Mortar	Oyster-shell lime and sand.
Condition	Too fragmentary for effective re-use.

D.

About 45' to north of A and B, and roughly centered between them, is a foundation 12' square which may be the outbuilding shown on the Frenchman's Map.

Probable Use
If this building stood at the same time as G, it may have been used as a wood shed (since G, whatever its use, certainly 76 contained a fire-pit. But it is highly probable that G was destroyed before the erection of D (see Chronological Summary), and in this case D may have had one of the common functions of domestic outbuildings of this size (smoke house, dairy, etc.); or may have been used later, in connection with M and N, for commercial or manufacturing purposes.

Brick	Brownish to red, fairly well preserved for the most part. Size 8 ½ - 3-7/8 x 2-5/8. Running bond, wall 13" thick, a few headers and bats used.
Mortar	Oyster-shell lime and sand.
Condition	Fit for re-use only if a considerable amount of patching is done. Bottom of footing not far enough below grade for modern requirements.1

E.

About 10' northeast of D is a foundation of kitchen type, date uncertain, overlaid by another foundation (L) of similar type but certainly late date. E rests partly on a fill up to 1' in depth. Sections of all four walls remain in place.

Probable Use
Kitchen, which must have followed F (on the remains of which it partially rests). It may have been built when the property was first used as a tavern (cl766).

Brick	Soft dark red, much broken, apparently reclaimed material, size 8 ½ x 4 x 2 ½ or 2- ¾. Running bond.
Mortar	Whitish, oyster-shell lime and sand.
Condition	Unfit for re-use.

F.

Two short pieces of foundations near E appear to belong to the north and south walls of a building which must be earlier than E, since part of E is built over one wall of F. The eastern wall may be approximately located at the point to which a backfill can be traced in continuation of the existing north wall. The location of the west wall is conjectural, but it must have stood to westward of structure G for reasons outlined below.

Probable Use
Shed for G. Roof protection for G would have been necessary, 77 Remains of a modern well, thought by the architects and their archaeologists to be on its original location. The brick lining is oval, probably forced out of shape by soil pressure as was the top square curbing. The well was filled in at a time so recent that automobile parts were found in the excavation. The construction is of a late date, but of early material reused. 78 for without it the firing-pit and fire-bed would have been subject to flood. The mortar and brick used, the level in relation to other structures, and the historical evidence1 all point to the conclusion that these two structures may have existed at the same early date.

Brick	Size 8 ¼ x 4 x 2 ½. English bond. Dark to light red.
Mortar	Oyster-shell lime and sand.
Condition	Very bad.

G.

Between D and E is the foundation of a furnace, oven, or kiln, round except for four deep cuts of varying sizes and at irregular points in its circumference. To the southwest is a squared face in which is the opening of a fire-chamber. The diameter of the mass exceeds 7', and its bottom is more than 3' below present grade. A small firing pit outside the fire-chamber door was at the same low level.

It is assumed that the structure was set so low in order to hold the working surface to a convenient height. The liability to flooding due to the low level leads to the inference that the structure must have been roofed over, perhaps by a shed now represented by foundation F.

The present top is very irregular, but the original floor level can be estimated with reasonable certainty. A 9" curb, 1c high, formed the edge except where interrupted by the chimney and by the fire-chamber opening.

Some of the bricks in the top courses are laid without reference to the circular shape of the mass, and apparently without regard to exterior appearance, projecting corners having been simply chipped into conformity with the general surface.

The fire-box penetrates the mass for about 2/3 of its diameter, from southwest to northeast; it has a pavement 1c thick and is 16" to 17" wide except near the mouth, where it broadens to form a reveal more than 24" wide, and apparently intended to accommodate a door.

This reveal is flanked by abutments of unequal width, the heavier of which may have been designed to receive hinge sockets for the door.

Near the south edge of the top surface is a channel cut in the solid brickwork and sloping west to the outside edge. This 79 channel may be accidental or may be intended for drainage.

A chimney northeast of the fire-chamber is indicated by the beginning of the sloping throat of a flue, and by the character of the brick in this area, which is laid so as to conform to a square shape. The brickwork has so far disintegrated that the sides of the chimney can be only approximately determined. But it probably rose with an axis diagonal to the ridge of the roof of F, under which it nearly centered.

Above the fire-chamber, near its inner end, are remnants of a lime-mortar bed or socket in which a kettle (maximum diameter 2') must have been held above the fire. Apparently this kettle was set hard against a boss (2 bricks wide and 2c high, shaped on top) which divides the flue throat and would serve both to steady the kettle and to distribute the draft across the whole width of the fire-chamber.

Probable Use
G must have been used as an enclosed chamber for some steaming, drying, heating, or cooking purpose. It must have been enclosed, because if left with an open top it could hardly have performed any function other than those of an ordinary forge or kitchen hearth. There is no direct evidence concerning its use. Its shape is not that of a forge, or of a bake-oven.

The shape does not appear to be essentially different from those of foundations for a hop-drying kiln or "oast house". Hops are known to have been raised and cured in the colony, but no historical or direct material evidence appears of such industry on this particular site. The kettle-socket appears to be in conflict with this hypothesis, as does the small size of the foundation.¹

There are several grounds for surmising that the structure may have been used as a steam-chamber to prepare wood for bending in the trade of wheelwright Hoye, and perhaps in that of blacksmith Bird (see Chronological Table).

The following indices suggest that vertical planks were used to enclose a cylindrical space above the brick table:

• 1.The disregard for exterior appearance shown in laying the top brick courses suggests an intention to cover this portion of the work.
• 2.Mortar on the outside surface, near the top, seems to have been squeezed against some flat surface such as planks.

(Certain notches cut into the brickwork appear to have been intended to receive wooden uprights. But such uprights would 80 considerably diminish the interior space, and were probably not part of the original construction. It is assumed that the notches were cut at some later date, for an unknown purpose.)

The circular shape of the structure may have been adopted as a precaution against steam pressure. Planks forming a cylinder, if provided with adjustable hoops and grooved or lapped joints could have been tightened as a further precaution to the same end.

The large fixed kettle must have been well adapted to the production of steam.

Unless the fire-chamber was sealed over, before and after it passed under the kettle, steam would have been able to escape by this channel into the flue. Between the kettle and the door, a brick segmental vault covering the fire-chamber would have provided such a seal (but no direct evidence of vault construction was found, unless the special shapes mentioned under brick be so considered). The small spaces between kettle and chimney could be easily sealed with mortar. The necessity of a seal would help to explain why a bed of mortar was provided for the kettle.

The channel cut into the floor may have been intended to carry off drainage from condensation.

The chimney has been tentatively located in a position which would hold its back clear of the plank casing, and its front face¹ clear of the kettle. The depth would then be about 30" or 31"; and if the width is taken to be equal, the resulting outline roughly conforms with a square on the present surface which may have been laid as a base.

The rear portion of the steam chamber may have been walled off on a line with the face of the chimney. The base of the chimney might then be stepped out, on the flanks and perhaps on the rear, for the sake of structural solidity. Rather more than half of the interior of the cylinder would remain free for use, so that segments of wood up to a half-circle could be handled.

It seems possible that the top to the steam-chamber, approximately a semi-circle, may have been hinged to be raised back against the face of the chimney. Such a top would allow access to the interior, if the walls were not too high; and the casing would not have been weakened by the insertion of a door.

Brick
Size 8 ¼ x 3- ¾ x 2- 3/8. Soft, color buff to red. Bond extremely unsystematic but generally determined by shape of structure. Most brick are soft. There is no evidence of deterioration caused by heat. Some brick with edges in the form of parallelograms were found loose. Their use is undetermined; but possibly 81 they were part of a vault construction over the fire chamber, or they may have been used in the sloping throat of the smoke flue. Neither explanation is very convincing, since a slope for either of these purposes could easily have been produced with mortar.

Mortar
Oyster shell-lime and sand generally whitish, but yellowish in top courses.

Condition
Generally good. Appears fit for re-use except that (1) the chimney is entirely gone; (2) outside the chimney the top two or three courses are gone or in bad condition; and (3) the large notches around the outside are a more serious problem, but if necessary could be filled in with matching brickwork.

H.

West of D is a short piece of early brickwork with no apparent relationship to the other remains. It is 1c deep, of soft burned brick, with mortar of oyster-shell lime and sand. Condition bad.

I.

Inside the kitchen site are two lines of brick, 1c deep, which may represent foundation walls. Their purpose is conjectural, and their date uncertain but one of them passes through an opening cut in the foundation of the first kitchen E, and so must have come later. It seems possible that after the disappearance of the second kitchen (L), its foundations were re-used for north and south walls of a smaller outbuilding, for which new foundations (1) were provided on east and west.

Brick	Reclaimed - various sizes and colors.
Mortar	Apparently sand and lime, with patches of oyster shell lime.1
Condition	Unfit for re-use.

J.

Remains of a modern well, perhaps on the original site. Lining is oval (inside dia. 3'-5" and 3'-9"), but probably originally circular and forced out of shape by soil pressure. Square curb (one course on edge) has been bowed inward, and in places over the lining 82 by the same force. The well was filled in at a time so recent that automobile parts were found in the excavation. The construction is of a late date, but of early material re-used.

Brick	Old soft-burned, 8 ¼ x 3- ¾ x 2- ¾.
Mortar	Sand and lime.
Condition	Unfit for re-use.

K.

Foundation of a late construction, perhaps an addition to D, built partly over the remnants of G.

Brick	Reclaimed. Various sizes. Running bond.
Mortar	Sand and lime.
Probable Use	Outhouse, added to D or built after D disappeared (using its north foundation.)
Condition	Too bad for re-use.

L.

Foundation of a second kitchen built nearly over the site of E, about the middle of the XIX century. An irregular mass of crushed brick at the east end of this foundation seems to be what is left of its hearth; but it extends so far to the south that it might have been laid as hearth for E, the first kitchen (which had a fireplace farther to the south than that of L.)

Brick	1c, size 8 ½ x 4 x 2 ½.
Mortar	Sand and lime.
Condition	Unfit for re-use.

M. N.

Two foundations of late date, built of reclaimed material - use and purpose unknown.

Brick	Soft-burned, reclaimed.
83
Mortar	Sand and lime.
Condition	Bad.

Paving
Bricks were uncovered in small patches southeast of L, east of M, and north of N. Some of this paving is badly crushed, an all is so deteriorated that it cannot be dated with certainty. Paved areas would be desirable to accommodate horses where the trades of wheelwright and blacksmith were carried on, and the patches discovered furnish evidence that such areas existed, but their extent cannot be determined.

Aside from hearth construction noted under L, no evidence of floors was found, inside any foundation. It may be that all the outbuildings had earth floors.

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY

It seems possible that the earliest buildings of the rearward group were G, with a covering perhaps represented by foundation F, (plus a well which was probably covered by a well head, perhaps in the same location as well J.)

Structure D may have been built for fuel storage along with G, or soon after; it is well located for such a use. But a wood-house would be serviceable only if shed F was standing to cover G; and it seems unlikely that D was in fact standing at the same time as F (judging from their awkward positions in relation to each other in plan). It seems more reasonable to suppose that D was constructed after F (and presumably G) had disappeared.

G had certainly been taken down before structure K was erected, for the latter rests directly on the foundations of the former.

Since the first kitchen, E, was built over foundation F, the supposition arises that the structures belonging to the smithy (F, G) fell into disuse about, 1766, when the site was used for a tavern; and that E was erected about the same time for the service of the tavern.

If F was gone when E was erected, it is likely that G (which depended on F for protection) was gone too.

Suggested groupings according to period are, therefore:

• 1.F, G (the heating structure and its shed.) c 1747-c 1766
• 2.E (the earlier kitchen.) c 1766-1800?
• 3.K, L, M, N (buildings known to be later because built over foundations of periods 1 and 2, or because of the physical character of the remnants.)

84

Structure D remains unassigned between periods 1 and 2 because of conflicting evidence.

H and I are unassigned because of insufficient evidence.

J is of late construction, but its site may be that of the original well.

EXTERIOR PAINT

Surface	Color	Finish
Trim	White (Eggshell)	Glossy
Blinds	Stiles and rails brown #386	Glossy
Doors	Same as blinds, except panel molds sienna #336	Usual
Door Sills	Typical deck paint	Usual

FRONT PORCH

Posts, handrails, center rail post, lower rail	Brown #386	Usual
Grille	White	Usual
Floor and Treads	Deck Paint	Usual

REAR STOOP

Post and top handrail	Brown #386	Usual
Floor and treads	Deck Paint	Usual
Bulkhead Doors	Brown #386	Usual
Rest of bulkhead	White like trim	Usual

INTERIOR PAINT SCHEDULE

Surface	Color	Finish
Hall 102
Cornice, baseboard, dado cap	Green #137	Satin
Gum dado and bar woodwork	Natural and as directed
Walls and Ceiling	White	Like whitewash
Note: Cased opening trim to Tap Room - paint only architrave and bead on hall side. Soffit and architrave on Tap Room side to be stained natural.
Stair
Risers and treads and second floor nosing	Satin natural	As directed
Other woodwork	Green #137	Satin
Beaded stair strings	Black	Semi-gloss
Tap Room #104-105
Poplar mantels only	Stain #911	Wiped application
		After it is dry apply two coats wax well rubbed to shiny finish.
Window sash	Paint to match mantel stain #911	Satin
Fireplace faces	To be determined on Job
Doors only	Treat like sash
Other woodwork	Natural	Treated as directed
Walls	White	Like whitewash
Note: Door Trim	Stain natural as directed
Lobby #101
Woodwork	Blue #124	Satin
Walls	White	Like whitewash
Handrails and newels	Red #759	Semi-gloss
Risers, treads and second floor nosing	Natural stain	As directed
Closets off lobby	Like lobby
Base and strings	Blue #124	Satin
Dining Room #100
Woodwork	Red #759	Satin
Walls and ceiling	White	Like whitewash
Fireplace face	To be determined later
Kitchen
Woodwork	Red #759	Semi-gloss
Walls and ceiling	White	Semi-gloss
Stair Hall #203
Woodwork	Green #137	Satin
Baseboard	Black	Semi-gloss
Walls	White	Satin
Ceilings	White	Like Whitewash
See also stair in Lobby #102
Janitor's Closet #206 and File Room #204
Same as for Hall #203, but woodwork and walls are to have semi-gloss finish.
Men's Toilet #205
Door, door and window trim	Black	Very high gloss
Sash	Ivory #215	Very high gloss
Plaster walls	Ivory #215	Semi-gloss
Ceiling	White as directed
Stair Hall #201
Woodwork	Blue #124	Satin
Walls	White	Satin
Ceilings	White	Like Whitewash
See stair under Lobby #101
Janitor's Closet #202
Like Hall #201, but with semi-gloss finish
Women's Toilet #200
Door, door trim, window trim	Black	Very high gloss
Plaster walls	Ivory #215	Semi-gloss
Ceiling	White as directed