Colonial Williamsburg Digital Library

ATTIC AND CELLAR SPACES

This building has an attic space suitable only or storage use since it can be reached only through a trap door over the closet between the Living Room and Bed Rooms. In the closet floor directly beneath is a second trap door leading to a paved access pit beneath part of the Living Room. A steam line and water pipes are brought into the Kitchen via this pit which is deep enough (3'-9") to enable a man to enter it and make necessary repairs. The remainder of the cellar area, which communicates with the pit, is a creep space going to a depth of 2'-3 ½" below the bottoms of the floor joists. This is "floored" with tamped gravel.

FOUNDATION BRICKWORK

English bond like that of the Tavern. Size and color of brick similar to that of Tavern; mortar and mortar joints also like those of Tavern brickwork (I, pp. 38, 43).

WEATHERBOARDS

These have an exposure of from 5 ¾" to 6" and the lower edges have been given a ½" bead. They have been made to lien up with the heads of doors and windows and the sills of these, so that no board had to be cut into in its length. They are held in place by galvanized iron nails with hand hammered heads. Around door and window openings and wherever else copper flashing was used copper nails were substituted for galvanized iron (zinc coated) ones. There is no sheathing beneath the weatherboards since none was used in the Eighteenth Century. The weatherboards were nailed directly to the studs so that the positions of the latter are indicated on the exterior by regularly spaced vertical lines of nail heads.

CORNICE

Height: 13"; projection from wall: 10 ¾". Modillion cornice with blocks spaced approximately 7 ¾" on centers. Sequence of moldings similar to that of Tavern cornice (I, pp. 48-50) except for drip, which is the cock's spur type like that of Barber Shop (III, p. 38) and for the modillion blocks which are unusual. They are about 3 5/8" deep, 3 ¾" high and 3 ½" wide and take the shape of a cyma recta. These are similar in form to the old ones of the cornice of the Public Records Office. Three variants of this type of modillion block are illustrated on Plate LXVI of The Gentleman's and Builder's Repository by E. Hoppus, 1737.

CORNICE END BOARDS

These follow very closely the cornice profile, except that the ogee curve which covers the modillion blocks continues forward to meet the fascia. 27 The cock's spur, therefore, and the short length of soffit between it and the modillion blocks are not reflected in the end boards. ( See I, pp. 91-93 for a discussion of cornice end boards and the precedent for those which follow the cornice profile).

RAKE BOARDS

These merge with the cornice end boards so that the two, in effect, become parts of one element. The rake boards taper from a width of 4 ½" at the top of the cornice end boards to 4" at the roof peak. (See I, pp. 95, 96 for a discussion of rake boards and their precedent. In reading this discussion it should be remembered that the present rake boards have no backband along their upper edges.)

CORNER BOARDS

These have their 3 ½" wide faces on the east and west elevations and, their 1 ¼" thick ends on the north and south elevations. The corners have the customary ½" bead. Both the Moody House and the Quarter have single-faced corner boards which, though new, are replacements of old boards of the same character. The use of cornerboards to receive weather boarding was very common in Eighteenth Century Virginia; it was indeed, virtually the only method employed in that period of treating the weather boards at the corners of a building.

ATTIC VENTS

Attic vents similar to that of the west gable of the Tavern have been placed in both the north and South ends. (See I, pp. 117, 118 for description of and precedent for this detail).

DOORS AND DOOR TRIM

The two entrance doors are similar in character and size. They are six-panelled doors, with raised panels on the outside only (see II, p. 209 for description of door in south wall of Entrance Hall of Tavern which has a panel profile like the one here). The old entrance door of the Charlton House has a panel arrangement similar to that of these doors and it is also panelled on the outside only. The door trim of the Kitchen doors is of the very characteristic type used on the front entrance door opening of the Alexander Purdie House (I, p. 173).

DOOR

The hardware of these doors is new but it is reproduced after colonial. models. It consists of the following: a pair of wrought iron HL hinges 13" high (CW F-3); an iron rim lock, Reading No. C-625,with brass knobs, rose and key escutcheon.

WINDOWS, WINDOW TRIM AND SHUTTERS

There are five similar 18-light windows, one on either end and three on the west side. Each of the two ends also has a 4-light wood casement in the gable to bring natural light and ventilation to the attic 28 story. The first floor windows all have 2-panelled wood shutters. First Floor Windows: The openings of the first floor windows are 2'-4 ¾" x 5'-10 ¾" in size. The windows are double hung and have metal counterweights. They have the same cross-sectional profile as the Tavern windows (see drawing, 1, p. 71) and the precedent for this is consequently the same. The exterior window trim, also similar to that of the Tavern windows, (I, pp. 71, 72), consists of a 1 3/16" x 5" wood piece, headed along the salient edge, upon which a 1 3/16" x 2 ½" plain wood shutter stop is superimposed. The window sills are of the unmolded type, beaded at the bottom, like those of the windows of the Tavern pantry leanto (I, p. 112) and the first floor windows of the Purdie House (I, pp. 175, 176 and the precedent is the same as for those sills. The glass pane size is 8" x 10 ¾'. Shutters: The shutters are of the divided type like those of the Purdie House (I, pp. 176, 177). The profile of the panels is similar to that of the Purdie and Tavern shutters. For a description of the Tavern shutter moldings and the precedent for them, see I, pp. 73, 74. As for the panel arrangement, the shutters are similar to the second floor shutters of the west end of the Tavern proper in having two equal rectangular panels.

The hardware of each pair of shutters consists of the following: four pairs of wrought iron strap hinges with pintels, C.W. Hardware Folder, plate 1-A, type 2; a wrought iron surface bolt 3" long, similar to CW F-18; two wrought iron hold backs similar to CW Hardware Folder, plate 22, type 4 and one cabin hook, 4" long, and staples, similar to CW F-21. These are all reproductions, made after colonial models.

Attic sash (with discussion of small windows): We had occasion, in I pp. 143, 144, to mention two 4-light wood casements which were installed back of the wood louvres in the King's Arms Well House. Since casements used in this way are unauthentic we made no attempt to discuss the precedent for these windows. The case with the two 4-light windows of the north and south ends of the King's Arms Kitchen is a different one, however, because such diminutive windows were frequently used in the gable ends of buildings in the eighteenth century in Virginia. They were most often placed in end walls of houses to light and ventilate an attic or on occasion, a second story. An old wood house at Croaker near Norge in James City County, photographed by Frank Nivison and another near Williamsburg recorded by Singleton P. Moorehead in 1929 had 4-light gable windows. Kis Kis Kiak had two 6-light windows in the gable end as a photo by Milton L. Grigg, made before the fire which destroyed the house, indicates. The Gloucester Glebe House, Gloucester County had no less than four 4-light windows in the gable end, two each on each of its two floors. All of the Photographs mentioned above may be seen in the large photograph book in the C.W. drafting room. Two-light windows also existed and Singleton P. Moorehead has made a measured sketch of one in the attic story of the office of Claremont Manor, Surry County (see personal sketchbook of S.P. Moorehead, p. 5).

We are somewhat uncertain as to whether or not these 2-, 4- and 6-light windows always operated in the eighteenth century. It is reasonable to assume that most of them did, however, since they doubtless served for ventilation as well as light. Since the casement window was the predominant window type in the seventeenth century it would be not unreasonable 29 to assume that many of these small windows would have been casements. Singleton P. Moorehead found that the 2-light window of the Claremont office was a swinging window. The casements may sometimes have had leather hinges in the eighteenth century. Some of these windows, on the other hand, may have been intended to be lifted out of their openings in clement weather. On rare occasions they were sliding windows. An instance of this is a window of the Barraud Privy, which slid into the wall above and was held in place, when open, by a wood or metal pin placed in the jamb. In one case, observed by Ernest M. Frank, the four lights were made into two "double hung" sash, the lower of which slid vertically, the upper being fixed. This house was at the time, the Glebe House for King and Queen County.

It is evident from the above discussion that the two 4-light wood windows in the north and south gable ends of the King's Arms Kitchen might represent casement windows or they might, on the other hand, stand for one form or another of vertical sliding window or, for that matter, a window type which was simply lifted out when ventilation was desired. They have been treated as casements for the sake of present-day convenience and they swing on modern stock bronze hinges. The window openings are l'-7 5/8" wide and 2'-0" high. The muntin profile is the same as that of the first floor windows and the glass size is also the same. The exterior frames, though they receive no shutters, and the sills are of the same block types as the corresponding features of the first floor windows.

ROOF AND ROOF COVERING

The roof is the conventional A roof and it has a pitch or inclination of about 46°. There are no dormers since the attic space is not intended to be used for living purposes. There was no information available as to the type of roof the Kitchen had in the eighteenth century. There were at that period, however, only two types, of roof in general use, the A roof and the gambrel. When a building was covered with a gambrel roof that fact was usually stated on the plat which accompanied an insurance policy covering the buildings on a given piece of property. Thus, in the Moody policy of 1806 (Research Report, Illustration #4) four buildings are shown on the plat, the "Dwelling House" (Tavern), the Barber Shop, the Kitchen, and Stable. The first two are indicated as having "a dutch [gambrel] roof.." but nothing is said concerning the roof type in the latter two cases, so that we may reasonably assume that these buildings had A roofs.

The roof slope of 46° is a typical one of its period, being slightly less steep than that of the Purdie House (47°) which, in turn, is not far from the average pitch of the roof slopes of five well-known old houses of Williamsburg (see listing of these slopes in I, p. 30)

The roofing material is round-butted asbestos cement shingles similar to those used on the King's Arms Tavern and the Alexander Purdie House (see discussion of this subject, I, pp. 33, 34). The shingles as in the case of the other A-roofed outbuildings, are combed at the ridge. For a discussion of the subject of combing, see IV, p. 96.

CHIMNEY

The T-shaped chimney (see elevations) accommodates one flue only, that of the single fireplace which the building now possesses, the two other chases contained in it serving as vent shafts only. The central placing of the chimney suggests that this served two fireplaces, one in each of the two rooms. We would naturally assume that two flues would cause the chimney shaft to be rectangular, but this was not necessarily the case in the eighteenth century. The two end chimneys of the Moody House, for example, are T-shaped and yet each serves but two fireplaces and houses two flues. In that case a large square flue occupies the "stem" of the T and a rectangular one the cross bar or head. Such an arrangement would be all the more likely to be the case where the size of the fireplace opening, as in a kitchen or laundry, was great, thus giving the flues a correspondingly larger cross sectional area. Observation of the relationship of fireplace opening sizes to flue sizes in a number of old chimney stacks indicates that the eighteenth century builders made the flue area roughly 1/15 the size of the fireplace opening, whereas we today make them from 1/10 to 1/12 the opening size. One could easily go astray in determining this percentage relationship of flue area to opening area in an old fireplace since so many of the openings were made progressively smaller as the eighteenth century wore on but the chimney with its flues was generally not altered. It would be important, therefore, in making such a calculation, first to determine, if possible, what the original opening size for which a given flue was intended, was.

The brick of the Kitchen chimney is new handmade brick laid up in Flemish bond with oyster shell mortar like the chimneys of the Tavern and the Purdie House. The brick size and color are similar to those of the Tavern (I, 38, 41, 42). The caps are similar in their composition of projecting brick courses except that the lowest of the projecting bands found in the Tavern cap is missing here (see I, p. 87 for description of Tavern chimney cap and I, p. 89 for its precedent).

Chimney construction: This is, perhaps, the point at which to say a few words about the construction of this chimney, words which, since the chimney is built in most respects like the others of the King's Arms-- Purdie group, will hold for the rest of the outbuilding chimneys. The chimney base rests upon a reinforced concrete slab. The mass of the chimney is constructed of modern commercial brick, handmade, colonial-type brick being used on visible exterior faces only. Thus, within the building, since the chimney is plastered over on the first floor, even the outside courses are of modern brick. This is true also of the chimney as it rises through the attic space. On the inside of the building, therefore, only the fireplace walls are veneered with old-style brick. The part of the chimney above the roof is made throughout of handmade brick, due to the fact that the shaft walls are for the most part only 4 ½" thick.

In the case of an end chimney such as that of the Barber Shop, all of the visible outside surfaces are faced with handmade brick while the brick constituting the internal mass of the chimney is modern brick. The brick facing of such an outside chimney is carried three courses below the ground. The part of the chimney within the building is treated, in respect to the brick type used, in the same manner as the part of the 31 Kitchen chimney within the building. It should be remarked that the smaller modern brick is made to work in with the larger handmade facing brick by the use of a wider joint between the modern brick.

In respect to the hearth supports it should be remarked that whereas the King's Arms Kitchen has a brick trimmer arch supporting the cantilevered part of the hearth, the same part in the case of the Purdie Kitchen is carried on a reinforced concrete slab. The Purdie Kitchen of course was built later than the King's Arms Kitchen and in the period intervening between the two construction jobs it was decided to substitute this modern means of supporting the hearth projection for the time honored method.

ENTRANCE PLATFORMS

There are two of these, each of which is centered on one of the door openings of the east facade. They are 4'-10" wide, about 3'-0" deep and 9" high. The surface materials are supported on a 9" foundation wall, composed of brick similar to that of the adjacent building foundation, and a 5" reinforced concrete slab over a 4" gravel bed. The platform top is composed of three rows of seven pieces each of handmade brick tile, 8" square and 1 ¾" thick. A band of green slate about 1'-0" deep forms a border along the front edge. This consists, in the case of each platform, of three stones, varying in width from 17 ½" to 21 ½" and in thickness from 1" to 1 ½", resting on brickwork.

Precedent for use of two masonry materials in platforms: Although the size, elevation and design of these platforms are quite different from those of the platform of the King's Arms main entrance porch (I, pp. 53, 54), the principle involved in the use of two different masonry materials for the surface is the same. An old porch in Williamsburg having as a floor a similar combination of stone and brick tile is the floor of the porch at the West end of the south side of the Coke-Garrett House.

Types of colonial kitchen floors. The existence of platforms before the doors of the building raises an interesting question--the relation of the floor to the surrounding ground in eighteenth century kitchens. Many kitchen floors were paved with brick and many kitchens, no doubt, had floors made of fine clay mixed with ox-blood which, according to Sir Hugh Plat, "makes the finest floor in the world."^* In the case of the brick type the floor was only the height of the brick above the ground. In these examples, there was no step before the door, the brick wall, capped by the house sill, forming a "step-over" barrier between the outside and inside levels. ^** Colonial kitchens, however, had cellars, on occasion, and in such cases the floors were made of wood. Since wood beams placed at or 32 below ground level will rot away quickly, these floors were elevated above the ground in the manner of the present one and would have required a step or platform at the entrance. Although no old kitchens of this type survived above the ground in Williamsburg, the foundations of at least two, the Palmer and the Peter Hay Kitchens, clearly indicated that these buildings had had basements. In one of these, the Peter Hay Kitchen, the basement was approached by an outside stair enclosed in a bulkhead. These two kitchens, as a matter of practical necessity, would have had wood floors elevated above the grade level. So, there was precedent for the use in the King's Arms Kitchen of a wood floor raised above the ground which, in the absence of information indicating the nature of the floor, was chosen in preference to other materials, like brick and clay, because it was necessary to make the building suitable for present-day living.

ENTRANCE LAMP

Attached to the weatherboarding beside the north entrance door is a 16" high tin and glass lamp with its front face sloping inward (see photo, IV, p. 21). This is a Craft House reproduction, model C-7, which was copied from an Eighteenth Century example. The lamp is placed beside the north door since that serves as the main entrance, admitting one to the Living Room in the modern plan arrangement.

EXTERIOR PAINT COLORS

The exterior color scheme is uniform with that of the King's Arms Tavern, itself (see I, pp. 148-151).

WOODS USED ON EXTERIOR

These are similar to the woods used on the exteriors of the Tavern and the Purdie House. For a treatment of them, see I., pp. 152, 153.

FOUNDATION BRICKWORK

This is similar in all respects to the foundation brickwork of the King's Arms Tavern pp. 35, 36).

ENTRANCE PLATFORMS AND STEPS

There are four of these stoops, one before each of the four doors of the building. Each of them consists of a platform 2'-4" deep and 4' 6 ½" wide and a single step of the same width. Both the platforms and steps are topped with green slate, slabs, from l" to 1 ½" thick, which rest upon supports faced with brickwork of the same character as that of the building foundation. These stone pieces vary in size, there being from five to seven to a platform and three to a step.

The use in colonial times of entrance platforms before kitchens and similar buildings (i.e., laundries) has been discussed in the report on the King's Arms Kitchen (IV, p. 31). Stone steps and platforms, were not uncommon in Virginia. Examples of old stone steps and platforms are the ones before the entrance doors of the John Blair House and the north door of the President's House of the College.

SOUTH ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION

WEATHERBOARDS AND FLUSH BOARDING

The weatherboards are similar to the weatherboarding of the Tavern except that they have an exposure of from 5 ¾" to 6" whereas the Tavern weatherboards have an exposure of from 6" to 6 ¼". The method of nailing is similar to that used in the case of the Tavern weatherboards (I., p. 34).

CHIMNEY LEANTO

This has been built beside the bottom stage of the stack and is covered with random-width, tongue and groove, unbeaded flush boarding. Random-width flush boarding similar to this, except that the joints between the boards were lapped or feathered, was originally found on the Archibald Blair Smokehouse. The boarding is stopped at each corner by beaded cornerboards, that on the south being 3 ½" wide and 1 ¼" thick and the one which overlaps the chimney brickwork (northwest corner) being the same width corner and 5 ½" wide. This board receives the cornice, which is stopped at the southwest corner by the tapered rake board which runs on the south side beneath the overhanging edge of the round-butted asbestos cement shingles which cover the shed roof. The cornice is the typical cyma recta over cyma reversa crown mold used on virtually all the buildings of the King's Arms Tavern group. The rake board is beaded along the lower edge, is cut straight at its lower end along the diagonal of the crown mold and tapers from 4 ½" at the bottom to 3 ½" at the top where it strikes the weatherboarding of the building proper.

Chimney leantos were a not uncommon feature of eighteenth century Virginia houses. They 39 CHIMNEY PENTS OR CHIMNEY LEANTOS WERE SOMETIMES OF BRICK AND SOMETIMES OF WOOD. THEY WERE FREQUENTLY ADDITIONS MADE TO INCREASE THE CAPACITY OF A HOUSE ALREADY BUILT. IN OTHER INSTANCES, AS AT WINDSOR SHADE (#139), THEY WERE BUILT AT THE TIME THE HOUSE AND CHIMNEYS WERE ERECTED. THE LEANTO OF THE KING'S ARMS LAUNDRY IS INTENDED TO REPRESENT THE FIRST TYPE, I.E., AN ADDITION, AND THE EXTERIOR WALL COVERING WAS MADE DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF THE BUILDING PROPER TO SUGGEST THIS. THE BUILDINGS WITH LEANTOS IN THE ABOVE GROUP ARE AS FOLLOWS: 124. RICHARDSON HOUSE, JAMES CITY COUNTY; 125. HOUSE AT DUNELY, WORCESTERSHIRE, ENGLAND; 127. HOUSE NEAR LA GRANGE, GLOUCESTER COUNTY; 128. BINFORD HOUSE, SOUTHAMPTON COUNTY; 132. TOWLES POINT, LANCASTER COUNTY; 139. WINDSOR SHADE, FORMERLY WATERVILLE, KING WILLIAM COUNTY. (PLATE COPIED FROM HENRY CHANDLEE FORMAN'S BOOK, THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE OLD SOUTH. 40 were sometimes used as enclosures for outside basement steps and frequently, also, to house closets opening toward the house interior. Such chimney leantos, made of either brick or wood, were very often inserted between a brace of end chimneys. When there was a single chimney, as in our case, a leanto might be placed on either side of it or at one side only, as here. Several examples of old houses with chimney leantos of various types are shown in the accompanying page from Henry Chandlee Forman's book, The Architecture of the Old South.

CORNICE

This cornice is of the modillion type with blocks whose front face follows a cyma recta curve. The cornice is similar in all respects to that of the King's Arms Kitchen, q.v., IV, p. 26.

CORNICE END BOARDS

The treatment of these is identical with that of the end boards of the King's Arms Kitchen, q.v., IV, pp. 26, 27.

RAKE BOARDS

Similar to those of King's Arms Kitchen, q.v., IV, p. 27.

DOORS AND DOOR TRIM

The four doors are six-panelled doors with raised panels on the outside only. They are alike in size (3'-0" x 6'-0") and character and are similar to the doors of the King's Arms Kitchen, q.v., IV, p. 27. The frames are also similar to these of the Kitchen doors. Because of the heavy wear they are subjected to, the sills, though they have been given a typically eighteenth century molded profile, are of cast iron, filled with concrete. They are similar to the sill of the door of the Tavern Well House, I, p. 142.

DOOR HARDWARE

The hinges are similar to those of the King's Arms Kitchen, i.e., for each door, a pair of 13" wrought iron HL hinges (CW F-3). The Reading rim locks installed on the Kitchen doors have been omitted here but the brass knobs, roses and key escutcheon used with these have been installed on the door's in the same position they would have if Reading locks had been used. The above items are reproductions of old hardware pieces. Each door has, in addition to this authentic hardware, a stock rim night latch and a stock door closer both of which we mounted on the interior.

WINDOWS, WINDOW TRIM AND SHUTTERS

Due to the presence of an unusual number of doors in the building, there is but a single first floor window, located to the right of the center axis in the east gable end. This is an 18-light double hung window, similar to the first floor windows of the King's Arms Kitchen, q.v., IV, pp. 27, 28. The window trim--frame and sill--is also similar to that of the Kitchen windows.

The shutters, unlike those of the Kitchen, which are divided, are three- panelled shutters similar in design to those of the Tavern, itself I, pp. 73-76). The hardware is also similar to that of the Tavern shutters (I, p. 74), except that the surface bolts here are 3" long instead of 8" as in the case of the Tavern shutter hardware.

Attic sash. There is a single four-light casement attic window in the building, located in the east gable end on the axis of the facade. This, with its frame and sill, is the same in size and design as the attic windows of the King's Arms Kitchen (IV, pp. 28, 29) and it has the same modern hardware as the latter windows.

LOUVRED OPENING

In the west gable end, in a position corresponding to that of the casement window in the opposite end, is a framed opening 1'-0" wide and 1'-6" high with seven wood louvres sloping outward at an angle of about 45°. The frame is of the block type with a set-in bead, similar to the frame of the casement and double hung windows and the sill is also similar to that of the casement. The inside of the opening is closed by bronze screen cloth against the ingress of insects. This louvred opening serves the same purpose as the attic vent used in the King's Arms Kitchen and in the west gable end of the Tavern. It is, in fact, a more common method of introducing air into a building than that of "warping out" the weatherboards. (See discussion of louvred openings, I, p. 143). It should be added, however, that louvred openings were not placed in this position (in the wall behind a chimney shaft), in the eighteenth century and the use of one was permitted here because it is pretty well concealed from view.

ROOF AND ROOF COVERING

The roof is an A roof, similar in everything but size to the roof of the King's Arms Kitchen. The discussion of roofs in the section of this report on the latter building applies as well to the roof of the Laundry as to that of the Kitchen (IV, p. 29).

CHIMNEY

The brickwork of the chimney, like that of the Tavern, was laid up in Flemish bond, with oyster shell mortar. The brick are recently-made hand-formed brick of the same sizes and with the same range of colors as the brickwork of the Tavern (I, p. 38).

The chimney is a two-staged stack, the lower part being 7'-2 ½" wide and the shaft, which is rectangular, having a width of 3' 8" and a depth of 2'-4". The transition from the bulkier lower part to the much-diminished upper part is accomplished by means of three haunches, symmetrically placed about the central axis. Two of these, at the sides, effect a lateral diminution and the third, above these and at the front, produces the diminution in depth. The resultant cross section of the chimney is 2'-4" x 3'-8" and contains a single flue for a fireplace that might, sometime in the future, be installed. The chimney cap is similar in its series of projecting bands to the cap of the chimney of the King's Arms Kitchen 42 and similar also to the caps of the Tavern chimneys except that it has two rather than three projecting brick courses below the two-coursed band (see I, p. 87 for a description of these caps and I, pp. 88, 89 for a discussion of old multi-staged chimneys. Also, for notes on chimney construction, see IV, pp. 30, 31).

The haunches of the chimney are faced with 9" x 9" x 1 ¾" tile. The haunches of the east chimney of the Tavern are also faced with these tiles. See I, p. 90 for examples of precedent for the use of square brick tile on chimney haunches.

ENTRANCE LAMP

A tin and glass lamp similar to that used on the Kitchen (see IV., p. 21) has been placed against the weatherboarding a short distance to the left of the west doorway of the north side.

EXTERIOR PAINT COLORS

The exterior color scheme is uniform with that of the King's Arms Tavern (I, pp. 148-151).

WOODS USED ON EXTERIOR

These are similar to the woods used on the exteriors of the Tavern and the Purdie House (I, pp. 152, 153).

INTERIOR OF LAUNDRY

Since this is devoted to modern uses and is wholly unauthentic in detailing it will not be treated in this report.

FOUNDATION BRICKWORK

This is similar to the brickwork of the Tavern foundations in bond and mortar joints and in the size, color and quality of the brick (I, pp. 38, 43).

STONE AND BRICK STEPS

One of these stands before the entrance door of each privy. Each step consists of three pieces of green slate, aggregating 1'-2" x 4'-0", supported on two courses of brickwork of the same character as the neighboring foundation. These steps have the same precedent as the flagstone entrance platforms and steps of the King's Arms Laundry (IV, p. 36).

WEATHERBOARDS

These have an exposure of 5 ½" to 5 5/8". The treatment of the weatherboarding is similar to the treatment of the Tavern weatherboarding. The manner of nailing is also similar to that used in the case of the Tavern weatherboards and the nail type is the same. (I, pp. 34, 35).

CORNICE

This is used on the north and south facades of the two privies. It is similar in all respects to the cornice of the King's Arms Kitchen, q.v., IV, p. 26.

CORNICE END BOARDS

These are similar to the cornice end boards of the King's Arms Kitchen (IV, pp. 26, 27).

RAKE BOARDS

Except for being slightly less wide ( 4 ½" at bottom and 3 ½" at ridge) these are similar in character and treatment to the rake boards of the King's Arms Kitchen.(IV, p. 27).

CORNER BOARDS

These are similar in size and treatment to the corner boards of the King's Arms Kitchen (IV, p.27).

FRONT AND END ELEVATIONS AND PLAN OF ONE OF THE PAIR OF KING'S ARMS PRIVIES.

DOORS AND DOOR TRIM

Each privy has a single six-panelled door, centrally placed in the north front. These are similar in character to the doors of the King's Arms Kitchen. The architrave is the very commonly used one consisting (top to bottom) of a cyma reversa backband, a fascia and a bead. This trim is similar to that of certain old door frames of the Brush-Everard House.

DOOR HARDWARE

The door is equipped with a pair of 9 ¾" high HL hinges, CW F-3; a 5 ½" long surface bolt, CW F-18; a thumb latch for a 1 3/8" door, CW F-14, and a cover plate. These pieces are all of wrought iron and all are copies of colonial models.

VENTILATION LOUVRES

There are two of these in each building, symmetrically placed about the doorway on the north facade (see elevations). They are 2'-0" wide and 3'-0" high and consist of a series of horizontal wood louvres sloping outward. These are similar in character to the louvres of the louvred openings of the Well House appendage of the Tavern, I, p. 143. They have an architrave similar to that of the privy door which, in turn, is like that of the Well House louvres. The sills are of the block type, beaded. The precedent for these louvred openings was provided by the similar features of the privy at Port Royal, shown earlier.

ROOF AND ROOF COVERING

The roofs are simple A roofs with a pitch of about 47°. They are very similar to that of the Port Royal privy discussed on the first page of this section.

Each roof is covered with cypress shingles, varying in width from 3 ½" to 6". They have their ends chamfered off, giving them approximately the shape of the round-butted asbestos-cement shingles used on all of the larger King's Arms and Purdie structures. See I, pp. 33, 34 for a discussion of round-butted shingles.

CLEANOUT DOORS

These privies would not have been moved about as was so frequently the case with such buildings since the rather rigid landscape design of the plot did not permit this. They were therefore emptied of their contents from time to time and two top-hinged cleanout doors were provided at the back (south side) of each privy for this purpose. The openings, which start at the level of the top of the foundation, are 1'-7 ½" wide by l'-5 ½" high. Each opening has a "sill", 3" high and the width of the opening. This is a board, set flush with the top course of brickwork and lining up with it. The doors are two-layered, consisting, on the inside, of horizontal flush boarding held together with vertical battens, and, on the outside, of three weatherboards lining up with the corresponding three weatherboards of the south face of each building. Each door swings upward on a pair of wrought iron, 4 ½" x 4 ½" butterfly hinges, CW F-9, and is held shut by a wood "button" in the lower right corner. This turns on a nail.

It was the opinion of Messrs. Singleton P. Moorehead and John W. Henderson that cleanout doors such as the ones described above were of frequent occurrence in old privies, since, in cases like ours where the privies could not be relocated and, of course, always when the privies were built of brick, it was necessary to clean them out periodically. Mr. Moorehead believes that the Port Royal example pictured on a previous page had such cleanout doors and Mr. Henderson, in turn, that the wood privy at Wales, in Dinwiddie County had cleanout doors. The latter also recalls having seen an archway at the base of the privy at Shirley, Charles City County, the purpose of which, without question, was to permit the cleaning of the toilet. The wood door, in this case, had, rotted away.

EXTERIOR PAINT COLORS

The paint colors used for various features of the exterior correspond with those used on similar features of the King's Arms Tavern. (I. pp. 148-151).

WOODS USED ON EXTERIOR

These are similar to the woods used on the exteriors of the Tavern and the Purdie House (I, pp. 152, 153).

INTERIOR

The interiors of the buildings have not been reconstructed. They remain unfurnished and are used for storage purposes.

FOUNDATION WALLS

The foundation walls, of which only three brick courses appear above ground, are laid up in English bond. The brick is new handmade brick similar in color and texture to the foundation brick of the Tavern. The mortar and mortar joints are also similar to those used in the Tavern brickwork (I, pp. 38, 41, 43).

BRICK PAVING

The floor beneath the shed overhang is paved with new handmade brick having a surface size of approximately 4" x 9". North, west and east of the building and adjacent to it are paved walks composed of new machine-made paving brick, with an average surface size of 3 ¾" x 8 ¼". The handmade brick resemble eighteenth century Williamsburg brick in texture and color (salmon 51a ELEVATION KING'S ARMS STABLE ELEVATION KING'S ARMS STABLE 51b 52 color) while the modern pavers are a harder brick and they are of a more rosy hue. Both types of brick are laid parallel to the side of the building to which they are adjacent. There is no brick paving on the south side. In lieu of this, however, there is a brick drip made of the same machine-made brick used for paving. This consists of a single row of brick, laid flush with the ground about 8 ½" from the face of the building and perpendicular to it.

WEATHERBOARDS

These are used on all sides including the north where they form the facing material of the recessed wall beneath the porch. They are beaded weatherboards similar to those used on the King's Arms Kitchen (IV, p. 26) and on the other buildings on the plot. They have an exposure of approximately 6". The nails and nailing are the same as in the case of the Kitchen weatherboarding.

CORNICES AND CORNICE END BOARDS

The south cornice runs the length of the Francis Street facade and is stopped at the ends of the building by cornice end boards. It is similar to that of the Purdie Kitchen and consists, top to bottom, of a crown mold composed of a cyma recta over a cyma reversa; a fascia ending in a drip formed by cutting a quarter round at the back; a horizontal soffit and a base mold composed of a quarter round a cyma reversa. The cornice height is 10" and its projection from the face of the studding 11".

This cornice is similar in its sequence of moldings to the main cornice of the Tavern with the modillion blocks and lower fascia of the latter omitted. An old cornice of the modillionless type, similar to the Stable cornice, is the example on Montpellier in Surry County. The cornice end boards of the latter follow the cornice profile but this is only partially true of the end boards of the south cornice of the Stable. In this case the boards follow the crown mold, fascia and soffit of the cornice and then depart from the latter, taking the form of a 7" high cyma reversa which projects outward beyond the base mold and drops about 4 ½" below the bottom of it. See I. pp. 91-93 for a discussion of the cornice end boards of the Tavern. In the course of this discussion some of the practices followed in the treatment of these features by Virginia builders of the eighteenth century are commented on.

The north cornice consists of a crown "mold" and a fascia, the two elements together forming a 9 ½" high member. The crown mold is, in actuality, a flat board inclined at a 45° angle. The 5 ½" high fascia, which is beaded at the bottom, drops low enough to cover the front face of the 6"x 6" beam which spans from post to post. There are, in this case, no cornice end boards as such, the rake boards of the ends extending down far enough to cover the ends of the diagonal flat board. The ends of the rakes are also cut at a 45° angle, so that they parallel the cornice board.

Simple cornices such as this were generally used on small buildings of lesser importance in the eighteenth-century. Singleton P. Moorehead 53 recalls having seen such cornices, utilizing a straight inclined board rather than a molded crown mold, on several old outbuildings at Port Royal in Caroline County. John W. Henderson also recalls having seen them on a number of small outbuildings. There are plenty of old examples of rake boards extending down far enough to act as stops for crown moldings. An example of such a rake is found on a slave quarter at Tuckahoe, Goochland County (Singleton P. Moorehead sketchbook, p. 6).

RAKE BOARDS

These rise without interruption from the cornice level to the ridge on the south side of the two ends but they are jointed on the north side because of the change in direction of the roof. In both cases, however, they start at the base with a width of 5 ½" and taper as they move upwards so that they are diminished to a width of 4 ½" at the roof peak. They have a ½" bead along their lower edges. On the south side of the two end elevations they merge with and become a part of the two cornice end boards. At the meeting of the beaded lower edges of the rakes with the vertical back edges of the end boards the bead changes direction and follows the latter to their base. The precedent for tapering rake boards such as these is found on pp. 95 and 96 of Vol. I.

CORNER BOARDS

The purpose of these boards is to receive the weatherboarding in order to obviate the necessity of mitering it at the corners of the building. The stable has three different types of corner boards. The two found at the southeast and southwest corners are "normal," one-sided corner boards with their 3" wide broad faces turned southward and their 1 ¼' ends turned east and west respectively. These are beaded at their salient corners.

At a point about 8'-0" in from the northeast and northwest corners of the building are what purport to be the ends of corner boards which once formed the northeast and northwest corners of the building. These ends have the same width as the full corner boards and a bead on the north edge of each. They are embedded in weatherboarding. "They are intended to convey the idea that the original building lacked the woodshed and/or carriage shed and that this was added after the first structure was built, the corner boards simply being left in place.

The third type of cornerboards are the 6 ½" wide ones which cover the north faces of the end posts of the shed and which, extending about 1 ¼" beyond the post edges on either side, receive the weatherboarding of the east and west external faces of the building and also that of the short interior sides of the shed enclosure. These boards have the same thickness as the others and have a bead along each of their two salient edges.

The reader may refer to I, pp. 78-81 where the subject of corner boards is discussed at length and where precedent is given for various types.

DOORS AND DOOR TRIM

There are four exterior doors, three of them entrance doors on the ground level and the other the loading door at the loft or second floor level 54 MOUNT STERLING STABLE, CHARLES CITY COUNTY. THIS BUILDING WAS ORIGINALLY A SIMPLE A-ROOFED STRUCTURE WITH A RECTANGULAR PLAN. THE ENVELOPING LEAN-TO WAS ADDED AT SOME UNKNOWN DATE AFTER THE ORIGINAL BUILDING WAS ERECTED. THE STRUCTURE IS SHOWN HERE BECAUSE ITS BARRED WINDOWS WITH THEIR SHUTTERS ARE SIMILAR IN DESIGN TO THE BARRED WINDOWS OF THE KING'S ARMS STABLE. OLD STABLE, KING WILLIAM COURT HOUSE. THIS BUILDING IS BASICALLY SIMILAR TO THE KING'S ARMS STABLE IN THE DISPOSITION OF ITS ELEMENTS, EXCEPT THAT THE CARRIAGE SHED IS NOT PRESENT. IT EVIDENTLY HAS DOORS AT EITHER END AND A CENTRAL ENTRANCE IN AT LEAST ONE OF TIS LONG SIDES. THE WINDOW SLOTS IN THE BRICKWORK OF THE LONG SIDE WHICH IS VISIBLE GIVE THE SPACING OF THE STALLS WHICH SEEM TO BE ARRANGED, AS IN THE KING'S ARMS STABLE, ON EITHER SIDE OF A CENTRAL AISLE JOINING THE END DOORS. THERE IS ALSO A SECOND FLOOR LOADING DOOR SIMILAR TO THAT IN THE KING'S ARMS STABLE. 55 which was mentioned Previously. All of these doors are beaded board and batten doors. All of them have battens placed both horizontally and diagonally, so that they form Z-shaped patterns on the back, the first floor doors having a double Z and the loading door a single Z pattern. The battens are held to the boards by nails with hand-hammered heads, spaced regularly and driven in from the front and clinched on the batten side. The door opening sizes are, respectively: first floor, north door—3'-6" x 7'-6 ¼"; east and west doors—3'-0" x 7'-6 ¼"; second floor, west door—2'-8" x 5'-10". The door boarding is 1 1/8" thick and the battens, which have chamfered edges, 7/8" thick. Each door opening is equipped in summer with a screen door but these will not be treated here since they are not authentic.

Hardware: The three first floor doors are equipped with the following pieces of hardware, all of which are wrought iron and reproduced after authentic colonial models: three strap hinges with pintels, similar to C.W. Hardware Folder, Plate 1-A, Type 7; one hasp and staple similar to Type 2, Plate 10 of Hardware Folder; one 7 ½" thumb latch combination similar to C.W. F-15 and F-17 and one padlock with chain and staple. There is also, on the inside, a modern stock rim night latch.

The loading door of the second floor is equipped with the following authentically designed wrought iron hardware: one pair of strap hinges similar to those used on the other doors; one door bar hold similar to C.W. Hardware Folder Types 4 and 5. Plate 13 and one hasp with staples similar to Type 1, Plate 11 of the Hardware Folder and with a wood peg and leather thong.

Precedent: Z-batten doors were not rare in Virginia in the eighteenth century. Evidently the diagonal battens made them sturdier than doors with horizontal battens only. A double Z-batten door was photographed by Singleton P. Moorehead at the Botetourt Inn in Gloucester Court House before the building fell into ruin.

Door trim: This is all of the same character and consists solely of a flat band of wood with a bead ½" in diameter on the edge toward the opening. The trim of the first floor doors is 2 3/8" wide and 1 ¼" thick while that of the loading door is 2 9/16" wide and 1 ¼" thick. The frame projects slightly (1/8") beyond the face of the door in all cases. Certain second floor interior doors of the Brush-Everard House have doors frames of this simple type.

Door sills: The sills of the first floor doors are square cut and made of Alberene stone.^* These sills would surely have been of wood in the eighteenth century and stone was used in its stead for the reason of its greater durability. Wear-resistant sills were needed here because of the 56 volume of traffic which passes through these doors as a result of the use of the building by Tavern employees for clothes storage and the performance of their toilet. It should be noted that these sills are hidden from view from the outside when the doors are closed, which is most of the time, because they are covered by the bottoms of the outswinging doors. It was common practice in eighteenth-century smokehouses and stables to let the doors extend below the sill and it was done probably, because this was simpler than letting the sill project beyond the face of the building and receive the door. A simpler form of construction was deemed appropriate for utilitarian structures of this type.

The sill of the loading door is an authentically-designed, square-cut wood sill lining up at the ends with the outside edges of the trim. This presents a front face 1 1/8" high, when the door is closed. A bead which lines up with the bead of the adjacent weatherboards runs across the bottom of the sill. The north entrance door of the Lightfoot House has a square-cut beaded sill similar to this one.

Loading doors, located in the second story of the gable ends of the store and warehouse and barns and stables, were as common in the eighteenth century as they are today. The old stable at King William Court House, shown on the preceding page, has such a door.

Loading Beam. A 4" x 6" loading beam ("cat's head" or "balk") projects from the east gable-about midway between the roof peak and the top of the loading door. The top of this beam slopes toward either side from the center line at an angle of about 15°, for the purpose of shedding water. A few inches from the forward end of the beam a wrought iron hanger has been passed over it and secured in place by two wrought iron nails driven through holes in its sides into the beam. The hanger is made of a-7/16" round bar which is flattened to a band where it comes in contact with the top and sides of the beam. It terminates in a loop about 4 ½" in diameter designed to receive the hook of a pulley wheel. The total height of the hanger is about 10 ½".

In the eighteenth century, as today, where there was an elevated loading door there was generally also a loading beam. Old examples of loading beams are, however, very hard to find since the heavy work which these members were called upon to do and their exposure to the weather combined to make them short-lived. Singleton P. Moorehead discovered such a loading arm, nevertheless, on a barn at Little Plymouth in King and Queen County some years ago and has in his personal sketchbook (p. 52) a drawing of the wrought iron hanger which was still in place on the beam. The present hanger is a very close replica of this old one.

BARRED WINDOW OPENINGS

The Stable has no externally-visible windows in the sense of glazed sash but, in lieu of these, sixteen framed and shuttered openings, each of which contains five ¾" square wrought iron bars, horizontally placed. These bars are turned so that they present an edge to the observer and they are mortised into the jambs of the wood framework of the openings. The trim is of the simple type frequently used with shutters in Colonial Virginia. It is similar to that of a number of old windows of the 57 Brush-Everard House. The sills are of the square-cut type, beaded along the lower edge. These are of the same character as the sill of the loading door, described above. The height of these barred openings, including the frame, is 2'-6 ¼", while the width is 1'-11 ½".

Glazing and Shutters. Behind the bars each window is provided with a bronze insect screen and a single pane of fixed glass which fills the opening and is held in place by ½" x ½" wood strips secured to the interior frame. Each likewise has a board and batten shutter made of random width boards with a bead between them. The boards are held together by two horizontal battens with chamfered edges. These are secured by nailing to the backs of the boards (by "back" is meant the side which is turned in when the shutter is closed). The nails, which have hand-hammered heads, are driven in from the outside and clinched against the batten faces on the inside. Each shutter has the following hardware: a pair of strap hinges with pintels, similar to Type 2, Plate 1-A of the C.W. Hardware Folder; a 4" long cabin hook and staples similar to C.W.-21 and an 8" long shutter holdback similar to Type 8, Plate 21 of the Hardware Folder. All of this hardware is wrought iron and all is reproduced after authentic colonial models.

Two items of those enumerated above--the bronze screening and the fixed window glass--are unauthentic and were used here for practical reasons. Since the building is used as a lavatory and dressing place both the screens and the glass are necessary equipment. They are so located, however, behind the authentically-designed bars that they are visible from the outside only if the windows are closely examined.

Precedent for barred openings. The picture of the Mount Sterling Stable on a preceding page shows a barred and shuttered window very similar in design to the barred openings of the King's Arms Stable. This window apparently has but three iron bars whereas the Stable windows, as we know, have five. This difference is of little consequence, however, since in size and general design character the King's Arms and Mount Sterling windows, with their shutters, are closely similar to each other.

The exact age of the leanto portion of the Mount Sterling building is unknown. The rectangular core of the building stems, undoubtedly, from the eighteenth century and the encircling leanto holding the horse stalls may have been added in the nineteenth. Even though this were demonstrable, the windows could with reasonable justification serve as precedent since it is more than likely that they would be representative of eighteenth century-stable building practice, inasmuch as modes of design and construction generally change slowly.

LOUVRED VENT AND VENT HOLES

Louvred Vent. This is located in the west gable end with its center line on the vertical axis passing through the roof ridge and with its head about 5'-6" down from the roof peak. Its purpose is to ventilate the attic of the building. The entire feature (trim and louvres) is 3'-0 ½" high and 1'-11 ½" wide. It has twelve ½" thick wood louvres sloping outward at an angle of about 45°. The louvres, unlike those of the King's Arms Privies (IV, p. 47) and of the King's Arms Well House (I, p. 142), project 5/8" beyond the jamb members of the 58 frame. The frame members are beaded on the outside edge but the trim is of the block type similar to that of the barred windows. The sills are of the block type, beaded on the bottom edge and similar to the window sills. The opening is equipped with bronze insect screening which has been secured to the inside of the frame. This is unauthentic but since it is not visible from the outside it was permissible to use it.

Since these louvred openings are the same in principle as the louvred openings of the King's Arms Well House, the precedent cited for those in I, p. 143 will hold for these also.

Vent holes. About 9" above the top of the trim of the louvred opening and symmetrically placed about the axis of the latter, are two circular vent holes 3" in diameter which line up horizontally on the center line of the weatherboard through which they are cut. These serve as outlets for plumbing vent-stacks. The outlets were placed in the gable to avoid the necessity of carrying the ends of the plumbing vent pipes through the roof of the building, the customary modern practice. They were given the circular form to make them resemble bird entrance holes which were frequently found in the ends of barns and stables in the eighteenth century. These apertures in colonial times led not into the open space of the loft but, rather, into box enclosures which served as pigeon nests. These were built and placed there by the owners of the buildings out of no disinterested charity toward the feathered creatures but because the gentlemen had a fondness for pigeon eggs and squab. The box nests were so constructed that they could be opened from the back to enable one to extract these delectable tidbits with ease from within the building.

Pigeon accommodations of one sort or another are frequently found in the old buildings of Virginia. Sometimes separate small buildings were built for the pigeons, such as the dovecotes at Shirley, in Charles City County and at Bowman's Folly, Accomac County. More frequently, probably, nests or roosts were provided in the upper parts of farm buildings of one sort or another, as here in the King's Arms Stable. The dairy of Cherry Walk in Essex County has three round pigeon entrances in one of its gable ends. These are lined up horizontally and regularly spaced. A stable or carriage house photographed by Singleton P. Moorehead at Port Royal, Caroline County has three of these holes irregularly placed at one side of a loft loading door. The stable at Catlett Place, also in Port Royal, had eight pigeon-holes with roosts before them, symmetrically placed about a loading door in the recessed triangular wall of its pedimented gable end. Photographs of the latter three buildings are found in the large snapshot book in the Colonial Williamsburg drafting room. The Shirley dovecote is pictured in Southern Colonial Places by Arthur A. Shurcliff and the Bowman's Folly example in the S. P. Moorehead collection of photographs.

ROOF AND ROOF COVERING

The north shed, as has been remarked, has been treated as a leanto addition and in this the building resembles the Mount Sterling stable (photograph on IV, p. 54). If the leanto of the King's Arms Stable had been continued around the other three sides of the building we would have a building form similar to that of the Mount Sterling Stable, that is, a structure with an A roof having a pitch slightly over 45° (the 59 pitch of the main roof of the King's Arms Stable is actually 51° and that of the Mount Sterling Stable roof appears to be much the same), from which, at a point one-third to one-half of the way up the slope a second, shed roof with a much "flatter" slope, extends outward and downward to cover the enveloping leanto addition. As matters stand, however, the leanto exists on the north side only of the King's Arms Stable and it is completely open on the long side, instead of having only a central opening, as in the case of the Mount Sterling leanto. The inclination of the King's Arms shed roof is about 23° which, to judge by the photograph, is something less than that of the roof of the Mount Sterling leanto. We may safely say that the basic roof form is, however, the same in both cases, as long as we bear in mind the difference in the extent of the leanto in the two cases.

As is evident from an examination of the two side elevation drawings, the two-sloped north side of the roof has been treated in such a way as to suggest that when the leanto was (in theory, of course) added the pitch of the north plane of the main roof was not altered. This was evidently, also the case with the roof of the Mount Sterling stable. We note this here to enable us to point out that in making the addition the eighteenth century builder would have had a choice of two possibilities, i.e., to leave the roof slope in question unaltered or, to rebuild the entire north half of the roof, changing its pitch, as was not infrequently done. An example in Williamsburg of this rebuilding of a roof slope in the course of making a leanto addition is found in the case of the north slope of the Alexander Craig House. Although this building had been altered in the nineteenth century to make a full two-story house of it the architects decided after careful study of the old rafters which were still in place that the north roof slope had been rebuilt, when the north addition was made, to produce one continuous slope from the ridge to the leanto eaves (see pp. 34-36 of architectural report on the Alexander Craig House.

Shingles. The roof is covered with the same type of round-butted asbestos cement shingles used on most of the outbuildings of the King's Arms Purdie lots and on the two main structures (see discussion of these shingles, I, pp. 33, 34).

Leanto Posts. The overhang of the shed roof of the north leanto is supported at either end by the extension of the north and south walls of the building. These walls terminate in 4" x 4" posts trimmed with the wide corner boards spoken of earlier under the latter subject. Between these two end walls the roof overhang is supported by four 6" x 6" square-cut wood posts which carry a 6" x 6" beam which, in turn, receives the ends of the roof rafters. The posts have neither caps nor bases.

Precedent. An example of a roof overhang supported at the ends by the extension of the sides of the building is the outbuilding of Warrique near Igor which is shown on p. 23 of this volume. It is readily evident that the added protection afforded by the extension of the east and west walls of the building to enclose the sides of the shed space would have great advantages, particularly in inclement weather when we consider the use to which the shed was put, viz., the grooming and hitching up of horses and the storing of carriages. Square-cut, capless and baseless 60 wood posts can be seen in photographs made by W. M. Macomber of Sweet Hall and Waterville, both in King and Queen County. These pictures are in the small snapshot book in the Colonial Williamsburg drafting room. The first has a porch with four such posts and the second has six. The porch of the Perrin Place (Little England), Gloucester County, has four such square posts but bases are present in this case. A photo of this may be seen in the large snapshot book.

HANGING LAMP

Suspended from the northwest corner of the building is a lamp 18" high consisting of an inverted glass "bell" with a diameter of 11", protected by a dish-shaped brass "canopy" or shield. Above this is a perforated cylindrical "chimney" capped with a conical hood. The perforations in the chimney allowed the smoke of an eighteenth century lamp to escape. This one of course, is wired for electricity and contains an electric bulb.

The lamp is attached to the building by two arms of a curved wrought iron bracket one part of which is ½" x ½" in cross-section and the other ¼" x ½". The heavier of these two arms is welded to a decorative plate which is screwed to the face of the post at the northwest corner, while the flat bar is attached "around the corner" to the weatherboarding of the west face of the building. The lamp, with the plate used for attaching the heavier arm of the bracket to the post, is Todhunter and TWO SKETCHES MADE BY ERNEST M. FRANK OF LAMPS SIMILAR IN CHARACTER TO THAT OF THE KING'S ARMS STABLE. SUCH LAMPS WERE SUPPORTED OR SUSPENDED IN A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT WAYS. THE BRACKETED LAMP WAS SKETCHED FROM A DRAWING BY PAUL SANDLEY (1726-1810) IN THE WINDSOR CASTLE COLLECTION OF DRAWINGS 61 Company's #6092 PG #13, with the bracket as revised by Colonial Williamsburg. The bracket design is one which is characteristic of eighteenth century brackets. Lamps of this character have been used on other buildings in the restored area, though the bracket designs differ from each other according to the locations of the particular lamps. This bracket is painted black while the plate was painted over when the post was painted in the gray-green color used on the latter. The lamp with its inverted glass bell and its shade and smokestack was a traditional form used in many different situations inside and outside of eighteenth century buildings. An old lamp of the same species, though differing in some of its details from this one, hangs from the ceiling of the first floor hallway of the Tayloe House. On a trip to England in 1951, Ernest M. Frank sketched a number of these lamps, of which two are reproduced above from illustrated books of the eighteenth century in English libraries.

In the eighteenth century a vessel containing whale or vegetable oils, the burning of which made the light, hung down into the glass bell. It was for the escape of the fumes given off by these fuels that the smokestack with its openings was provided.

EXTERIOR PAINT COLOR

The exterior color scheme of the Stable is similar to that of the King's Arms Tavern (I, pp. 148-151).

WOODS USED ON EXTERIOR

These are similar to the woods used on the exteriors of the Tavern and the Purdie House (I, pp. 152, 153).

FOUNDATION BRICKWORK

Only from two to three courses of foundation brickwork show above ground (see elevations). This is similar in the character of the brick employed and in the bond, mortar and mortar joint used to the foundation brickwork of the Alexander Purdie House (I, pp. 38, 4l, 43).

BRICK WALK AND DRIPS

There is a brick approach and sidewalk on the east side of the building. On the other three sides are brick drips, like those of the King's Arms Stable. The brick is all new machine-made brick, 3 ¾" x 8 ¼".

FLUSH BOARDING

The building is sheathed with horizontal, random-width, flush boarding with the joints beaded. The boards are 7/8" thick and vary in width 70 from 6" to 11" and the bead is ½" in diameter. The boards line up generally, but not always, with window and door heads and with the bottoms of the window sills. This boarding is also used in the triangle on the west face between the upper edge of the leanto roof and the main roof peak. The boards are secured to the studding by nailing with galvanized cut nails with hand-hammered heads. The nail heads are arranged in vertical lines which, like the studding, are spaced about 2'-0" on centers, except at openings where the stud spacing and, consequently, that of the lines of nail heads, varies according to the conditions.

It will be recalled that horizontal flush boarding was used to cover the Tavern part of the pantry leanto on the south side of the main building complex (I, p. 99). In that case the boarding is interrupted by posts. The precedent cited for this wall covering (it will serve here, also), was the random-width, horizontal flush boarding used to fill in the spaces between the posts of the one-time porch at the southeast corner of the James Galt House (I, pp. 105, 106). It should be stated that the boards of the latter are unbeaded. Another example of the use of flush boarding, in this case beaded, is the sheathing of the Annie Catlett Stable at Port Royal.

CORNICES

The cornices of the north and south facade are similar to each other in detail and treatment. They are also similar in everything but size to the cornices used on the Purdie Kitchen and the south face of the King's Arms Stable and the precedent for all of these is the same (IV, p. 52). The present cornice has an extension of 8 11/16" from the face of the flush boarding and a height of 7 13/16".

The leanto cornice of the west elevation is the same well known cyma recta over cyma reversa crown mold used on the leantos of the Purdie Kitchen and King's Arms Barber Shop and elsewhere, throughout the King's Arms Purdie project.

CORNICE END BOARDS

These are located at the northeast and southeast corners. They follow the contours of the crown mold and fascia and then swing free of the cornice taking the shape of a cyma recta about 9" wide and 6 ½" high, the bottom of which falls nearly 4 ¾" below the bottom of the cornice bed mold. There are several cornice end boards in Williamsburg which agree with this one in following the crown mold and fascia of their cornices and then departing from the latter to complete themselves in a large cyma recta. Among these are the boards masking the ends of the main (south) cornice of the John Blair House; the end boards of the Barraud House and those of the main part of the St. George Tucker House. These cornice end-boards are either old ones or copied after old ones. None is exactly similar to the present cornice end board but the basic form in all cases is the same.

RAKE BOARDS

There are three different cases of rake boards on this building, i.e., the normal-length rake boards of the east end which start at the cornice 71 end boards and run to the roof peak; the severely curtailed rake boards of the west elevation which run only from the line of meeting of the leanto with the gable end to the roof peak and the rakes which are found at the west ends of the north and south faces and which run from the base of the leanto roof to the main cornice. All of these rake boards are so similar to comparable ones of the Purdie Kitchen that the discussion of the latter rakes (IV, p. 89) will serve as a coverage of the present ones.

CORNER BOARDS

These are found on all four corners of the building. They are of the "one-way" type, with their 3 ½" wide broad surfaces facing north and south, respectively and their 7/8" thick, beaded ends turned east and west. These serve as corner stops for the flush boarding and their sides and ends are, in turn, flush with the boarding. The corner boards at the northeast and southeast corners are full height ones, running from the foundation which they, like the bottom board of the sheathing, overlap somewhat, to the cornice. The corner boards at the northwest and southwest corners are only 6'-0" high, their length being curtailed by the truncation of the west end of the north and south elevations by the inclined plane of the leanto roof.

Except for the fact that this building has no vestigial corner boards, the corner boards of the Purdie Stable are of the same character as those of the Purdie Kitchen and they have the same precedent (IV, p. 90). It should be noted, however, that the boards of the Kitchen are thicker since they have to receive weatherboards which, because of their overlap, project more than the flush boarding of the Stable.

ATTIC VENT

There is a single louvred vent in the curtailed gable face behind the chimney stack in the west elevation. This is 1'-8" high and 1'-1" wide. It consists of an enframement composed of block trim, 2" wide and a square cut sill, the ends of which line up with the outside edges of the trim, and seven fixed wood louvres, 3/8" thick and 2 ¼" deep, measured in horizontal projection. The louvres incline at an angle of 45°. The opening is closed to the admission of insects by bronze screening held in place at the back of the louvres by a wood strip.

This louvred vent is similar in use, character and construction to the vent of the King's Arms Stable except that the louvres do not project beyond the frame, as do the latter, and that the size and number of the louvres is different. The precedent for the vent of the Purdie Stable was the same precedent followed in the case of the King's Arms Stable vent, See I, pp. 117, 118 for the precedent used in the two instances. It should be added that the Annie Catlett Stable at Port Royal also has ventilation openings provided with louvres.

DOORS AND DOOR TRIM

This building has two doors, both in the east elevation and one above the other on the vertical axis passing through the roof peak. The lower door is a two-valve, board and double-Z-batten door, each leaf of which 72 is 3'-9" wide and 7'-6" high. The loft or attic door above this is also a sheathed double-Z-batten door, single-valved and much smaller 2'-8" x 4'-6".

The door boards in both cases are random width and they are set together with shiplapped joints, unbeaded. The battens are 7" wide and 13/16" thick and have chamfered edges. The boards and battens are held together by nailing with galvanized cut nails with hand hammered-heads driven in from the outside or board side and clinched on the faces of the battens. The two valves of the first floor door meet in a shiplapped joint. The overlapping edge of the right valve has been cut to form a ½" bead which runs the height of the door, on its center line.

The exterior trim of the two doors is 3 ¼" wide and 7/8" thick and has a ½" bead on the free edge toward the opening. It is flush with the surrounding boarding. The two-valve door has no sill in the usual sense. The back lower edge of the door is chamfered so that the door thickness of the lower end is reduced to 9/16". This is allowed to lap over the brick foundation wall about ½" and the top of the wall itself serves as a sill. The sill of the upper, loading door is of wood and of the unmolded, block type with a front face about 1 ¾", wide which projects 3/8" beyond the face of the flush boarding. Its ends line up with the outside edges of the trim.

Hardware. The two-valve door has the following hardware: three pairs of strap hinges with pintels, similar to Type 2 shown on Plate 1 of the Colonial Williamsburg Hardware Folder; one hasp with staples, similar to Type 1 (not bent) of Plate 11 of the Hardware Folder; one padlock, chain and staple and one bolt, similar to Type 1, Plate 17 of the Hardware Folder. All of these articles are of wrought iron and all are reproduced after authentic colonial models.

The hardware of the loft loading door consists of the following: one pair of 18"-long strap hinges and pintels, similar to Type 2, Plate 1 of the Hardware Folder and one door bar hold, similar to Types 4 and 5, Plate 13 of the Hardware Folder. This hardware is likewise of wrought iron and is reproduced after authentic colonial originals.

Precedent. The precedent for double-Z-batten doors has been given on p. 55 of this volume under the subject of the King's Arms Stable doors, which are of the same type. It should be pointed out that the doors of the latter Stable are all single-valve for the reason that no carriages were supposed to have been kept inside of that building. The double valve door of the Purdie, Stable would have been necessary in the eighteenth century since a riding chair was probably kept there as well as one or two horses.

LOADING BEAM

A loading beam or cat's head projects from the building at about the same point in relation to the loft door as does the loading beam of the King's Arms Stable in relation to its loft door. Since the design of this beam is identical with that of the King's Arms Stable the description of the 73 latter beam and its wrought iron hanger on p. 56 of this volume will serve as a coverage of the Purdie Stable beam. The precedent given for the King's Arms Stable example will also serve for this one.

BARRED WINDOW OPENINGS

There are four of these, two each on the north and south elevations. They are very similar in their detailing to the barred window openings of the King's Arms Stable (IV, p. 56). They are somewhat larger than the latter, however, the opening, plus trim, being 2'-4 ¼" wide and 2'-8 ¾" high. Other differences are that there are six iron bars here instead of five and that the sills in this case have no bead. Also, there are glazed, bottom-hinged sash back of the bars in this case, whereas the King's Arms Stable examples have fixed glass. The Purdie barred openings are in most other respects so similar to those of the King's Arms Stable that the precedent given for the latter will also hold for these.

Shutters. These are similar to the shutters described under the barred openings of the King's Arms Stable, except that the joints between the vertical boards are unbeaded. These shutters are each provided with a pair of wrought iron strap hinges and pintels, similar to Type 2, Plate 1-A of the Hardware Folder and a wrought iron cabin hook and two staples (CWI-21). These are authentic reproductions.

SINGLE HUNG WINDOWS

There are two of these, one in the north and the other, in the south elevation, west of the chimney in the leanto part of the building. They are 12-light windows divided into two sash each of which is two lights high and three wide. The bottom sash operates with the aid of cast iron sash weights but the upper one is fixed, the usual state of affairs with these windows in the eighteenth century.

The trim is of the block type similar to that of the barred windows. As in the case of the latter, this trim is applied to a frame having its salient, free edge beaded. The sill is similar to that of the barred windows.

Precedent. The precedent for these windows is the same as that for the 12-light windows of the pantry leanto of the south elevation of the King's Arms Tavern-Purdie House complex, i.e., the 12-light windows of the Quarter in Williamsburg.

Shutters. Each window is provided with a pair of board and batten shutters. The boards are random width and set together with shiplapped joints. Each shutter has three horizontal battens with chamfered edges. The hardware is the same as that for the shutters of the barred openings, except that for each shutter pair two cabin hooks and three staples were required. The precedent for these shutters was the board and batten shutters of the Timson House (ill., IV, p. 90).

Though, in general, we would not expect to find glazed vertically sliding sash in a stable-carriage house of the eighteenth century, they are justified here since they serve to light living quarters (the stable 74 hand's room). Living quarters, whether in a house, or attached to a barn-type building had their characteristic type of fenestration in Virginia of the eighteenth century, i.e., the vertically sliding window.

ROOF AND ROOF COVERING

The roof form has already been touched upon under Form of Building. Precedent for the combination of a main A roof and a leanto slope was the roof of the Timson House (ill., IV, p. 90). There is a break in the continuity of the main cornice and a set back in the roof on the front (south) elevation of the Timson House (the elevation resembling most closely the two long elevations of the Purdie Stable) but otherwise the two parts of the Timson roof meet in much the same manner as they do in the case of the roof of the Purdie Stable. In both cases two triangular extensions of the A roof are formed and junction lines or hips result which resemble those of a true hipped roof except that the hip ridges do not continue up to the roof peak as in the case of the latter but, rather, they terminate against the rake boards of the curtailed gable end. Another difference between the "leanto hip" and the true hipped roof is the circumstance that the roof slope of the building end drops below the eaves line of the two adjacent roof planes.

The roof covering in the case of the Stable is round-butted asbestos cement shingles similar to those used on the two main buildings and most of the outbuildings of the two properties. As can be observed from the photo of the Stable, IV, p. 64, little fan-tailing of the shingles was necessary where the leanto roof and the main roof meet, but there is some staggering of the shingle rows, particularly at the bottom of the slopes. (See discussion of fan-tailing, IV, p. 96). The two roof slopes are not too different in pitch here, the slope of the leanto being 37° and that of the main roof about 46½°.

CHIMNEY

The shaft of the chimney which appears above the roof, the part, that is, with which we are here chiefly concerned, rises about 4'-8" above the peak of the A roof and stands about 6" from the face of the curtailed west gable end. Its dimensions in horizontal section are 2'-0" x 3'-3". The chimney is laid up in Flemish bond or, rather, as close an approximation of this as the dimensions of the chimney permit. The brick is the same kind of handmade brick used in the brickwork of the Purdie House, q.v., I, pp. 38, 41, 43, and the mortar and mortar joints are likewise similar to those used in the House.

The cap of the Purdie Stable chimney consists of three single-course bands of brickwork, the lowest of which projects 1" beyond the shaft face and the two above this each project the same amount beyond the course below. The top of the cap is protected from the penetration of moisture by a cement wash.

Chimney cap precedent: Of all the chimney caps of the King's Arms-Alexander Purdie buildings, the Barber Shop cap is closest to this one in design. The difference between the two lies in the fact that the top band of the 75 Barber Shop cap is a double brick course, while that of the Purdie Stable is a single one. The Stable cap is an example of a type which was of very frequent occurrence in eighteenth century Virginia. The projecting or corbelled out bands vary from two in number (Greenhow-Repiton Brick Office chimney cap) to three (old Lee House cap) or four, at times. Most often the top course is doubled but this is not always the case. An old (unidentified) house with a chimney whose cap has three single-coursed projecting bands is shown in a photograph by Singleton P. Moorehead in the large snapshot book in the Colonial Williamsburg drafting room. (For notes on chimney construction, see IV, p. 27).

BRACKETED LANTERN

Suspended from a three-armed wrought iron bracket attached to the southeast corner of the Purdie Stable about 1'-0" below the cornice is a tin and glass lantern about 1'-2" high and square in plan, the sides being about 4 ½" wide. This lantern terminates at the top in a pyramid which is perforated to allow the fumes of the candle which it would have held in the eighteenth century to escape. Each glass face is protected against breakage by three horizontal rods welded to the framework. The lantern is painted black. This lantern type was common in the eighteenth century and the present example was copied from an eighteenth century model.

The bracket, the arms of which are twisted, was adapted from an old one seen by Singleton P. Moorehead on Nantucket Island. It has become a standard fixture used in the restored area and the two-armed version of it is pictured on p. 11 of the Hardware Folder. Attachment to the corner of the building here required a bracket with three arms.

EXTERIOR PAINT COLORS

The exterior color scheme of the Purdie Stable is similar to that of the exterior of the Alexander Purdie House (I, pp. 148-151).

WOODS USED ON EXTERIOR

These are similar to the wood types used on the exteriors of the King's Arms Tavern and the Alexander Purdie House (I, pp. 152, 153).

INTERIOR OF STABLE

Since it has not been reconstructed to serve its original uses, the interior of the Purdie Stable will not be discussed here.

FOUNDATION BRICKWORK

The Privies are raised two brick courses above the ground. The bond and jointing of the brickwork is similar to that of the Purdie House, as are the character of the brick and the mortar used (I, pp. 38, 41, 43).

LOG STEPS

These are pieces of white oak approximately 3'-0" long, l'-3" deep and 7½" high, placed before the entrance door in the north facade of each building, about 1 ½" from the foundation brickwork.

They were necessary because the tops of the "step-over" sills are more than 1'-0" above the ground. Log steps were used here rather than the stone ones of the King's Arms Privies to keep them in character with the simplicity of the Purdie Privies. It was considered justifiable to place wood steps here for the reasons given in the discussion of the wood step which stands before the entrance to the Purdie Dairy ( IV, p. 112).

FLUSH BOARDING

The four sides of each building are covered with random width, unbeaded, tongue and groove, flush boarding placed horizontally. The boards vary in width from 7 ¼' to 11". The nailing is similar to that of the flush boarding of the Purdie Stable. The precedent followed was the same as in the case of the Stable boarding (IV, p.70).

CORNICE

The cornice, used on the north and south facades, is 6 ½" high and has a projection from the face of the flush boarding of 8 5/8". It consists of a crown mold (cyma recta over cyma reversa), a fascia 3 ¼" high, with its free lower edge beaded, and a soffit board. This cornice is stopped at the ends of the building by the rake boards, cut to the profile of the crown mold, and by the ends of flush boards which are extended out beyond the corner boards which receive the ends of the boards below the ones being discussed. These cornice-stopping flush boards are cut to the profile of the fascia and the soffit of the cornice, even to the reproduction in their salient corners of the outline of the bead of the fascia.

This cornice is similar to the cornice of the Port Royal Privy, a sketch of which is shown on p. 44 of this volume, except that it lacks the bed mold of that cornice (see drawing of Port Royal cornice profile, personal sketchbook of Singleton P. Moorehead, p. 1). The bed mold was necessary in the case of the Port Royal cornice because the latter building is weatherboarded and a satisfactory transition from the soffit to the weatherboarding could not have been made without it. In the case of the Purdie cornice a very satisfactory tongue and groove joint between the soffit board and the top board of the facade was made so that the bed mold would have been superfluous except for purposes of ornament. It should be noted that in the similar situation in the Purdie Stable a bed mold was used since the soffit board was there not joined to the top facing board by an interlocking joint, as here.

The extension of a siding board and rake board to receive the ends of a box cornice such as that of the Purdie Privies is illustrated in the photograph of an old dairy reproduced in IV, p.114.

RAKE BOARDS

These are superimposed upon the flush boarding of the ends of the building along the diagonal meeting lines of the boarding and the roof shingles. Their lower ends are cut to the profile of the cornice crown mold and their lower edges are beaded. They taper toward the roof peak from 4 ¼" to 3 ¼". A very slight "kick" or turning upward of the lower roof shingles is handled on the building ends by the insertion of a wood filler strip between the top edge of the rake board proper and the underside of the shingles. (See I, pp. 95, 96 for a discussion of rake boards 79 Side Elevation and their precedent. It should be borne in mind, in reading that treatment of the subject, that the present rake boards have no backband along their upper edges.)

CORNER BOARDS

These are of the single-faced type with their 3 ½" sides facing north and south and their 1" thick ends turned east and west. The corners have a ½" bead. The corner boards receive the flush boarding of the four sides of each building. On the east and west sides their ends are flush with the boarding. Their faces, on the north and south sides, project slightly beyond the boarding because the latter is only 13/16" thick.

The use of corner boards was the customary way of stopping the boarding of a building face in the eighteenth century. Both the Moody House and the Quarter have single faced corner boards which , though new, are replacements of old ones of the same type. These buildings, however, are covered with weatherboards. An old building having corner boards of this type which receive flush boarding is the Annie Catlett Stable at Port Royal.

DOORS AND DOOR TRIM

The buildings each have a board and batten door in their north facades. These doors are 6'-1 ½" high by 2'-4" wide. Each has three horizontal battens with chamfered edges. The hardware consists of the following wrought iron items reproduced after colonial models: a pair of 10" H hinges, C.W. F-1 and a thumb latch, F-14. In addition to this, there is a modern cylinder night latch on the inside of the door with a wrought iron cover plate masking the keyhole on the outside.

These doors are similar to many old board and batten used on Virginia outbuildings in colonial times. The doors which hung on the Archibald Blair Privy, Smokehouse and Dairy, prior to the restoration of these buildings, and which are seen in photographs in the Colonial Williamsburg progress photograph collection, were precedent for the doors of the Purdie Privies. Other old buildings having doors of this character are the Annie Catlett Stable at Port Royal and a dairy found at Suffolk.

Door trim. In this case the door frame and trim are identical, the piece which at the head and jambs receives the door and covers the studding being extended to the front to receive the flush boarding as well. The front inside edge has a ½" bead and the end which shows from the front as an enframement of the opening is 1 ¼" wide.

The sill is of the square-cut, unmolded type, with a 1 ½" high front face. The ends of this line up with the slightly projecting outside edges of the vertical frame-trim members.

Precedent: The Brush-Everard House contains a number of old door openings in which frame and trim are formed from a single piece of wood.

VENTILATION LOUVRES

There is a louvred window centered on the vertical axis running through the roof ridge at each end of each building. These are 2'-6" high and 1'-9 ¾" wide and at their lowest point they are 3'-6" above the top of the foundation brickwork. They consist of a combination of frame and trim (like the door frame-trim), into the sides of which ten sloping wood louvres ½' thick are mortised. The sills are of the same type as the door sill just described.

These louvres are of the same general character as the louvres of the King's Arms Privies but they are smaller in size and the frames are simpler, having, like the door frame, only a bead. The precedent is the same as that for the King's Arms Privy louvred openings, i.e., old louvred openings of the above-mentioned privy at Port Royal.

CLEANOUT DOORS

Each Privy has a single cleanout door 1'-4" high by 4'-0" long at the base of the south wall on the central axis of the facade. This is cut from the single wide board at the base of the wall. It swings upward to the outside by means of two 6" wrought iron H hinges, reproduced after a colonial model. It is held in place when closed by a 4 ½" long wood button which turns on a large nail or spike with hand hammered head.

The purpose of cleanout doors such as this has been discussed under that subject in the part of the report dealing with the King's Arms Privies (IV, p. 47). The basis for these is also discussed at that point.

ROOFS AND ROOF COVERING

The roofs are typical A. roofs with an inclination of 45°. This roof type was the type shown in the photograph of the old Tayloe Privy which furnished the basic form and details of these Privies. The roof covering, like that of King's Arms Privies, is wood shingles, impregnated to make them fire-resistant. They vary in width from 3 ½" to 6" and have their ends chamfered off, giving them about the shape of the round-butted asbestos-cement shingles used on the majority of the buildings of the King's Arms Tavern and Alexander Purdie properties. (See I, pp. 33, 34 for a discussion of round-butted wood shingles.) The shingles used here are made of cypress, the wood generally used in the eighteenth century for shingles although yellow pine was also occasionally employed.

EXTERIOR PAINT COLORS

The exteriors of the Purdie Privies have been painted with Dri-Wall, with the exception of the door which has been painted dark brown (#168) and the door sill which is buff (#25, valdura taupe). The latter two colors match those used on the Purdie House for exterior doors and door sills, respectively. The Dri-Wall has been applied sufficiently thinly that the wood color is visible through it, the intention being to simulate whitewash with a paint which has a much greater lasting quality than the latter. This paint has an oil base and does not flake off like whitewash.

WOODS USED ON EXTERIORS

These are similar to the woods used on the exteriors of the Tavern and the Purdie House for like features (I, pp. 152, 153). All the exterior woodwork has been machined to produce lines or ridges running the short way of each piece. The latter purport to simulate the marks left in the eighteenth century by hand sawing. In the case of many minor buildings such as these the eighteenth century builder did not go to the trouble of planning boarding, trim, etc. after sawing it, so that this woodwork was left with a rough appearance.

INTERIOR

The interiors have not been reconstructed as privies so that they will not be discussed here. They have been left unfinished and are used as storage spaces.

FOUNDATION BRICKWORK

This is similar to the foundation brickwork of the Purdie House. The latter is described in I, pp. 38, 41, 43. A joint has been placed in the brickwork at the junction of the building proper with the leanto to indicate that the latter was originally an addition.

BRICK STEPS AND PLATFORM: WOOD STEPS

The stoop before the north (main) entrance door is of brick, laid in English bond like the foundations. It differs from the corresponding features of the King's Arms Kitchen in the matter of having the step before the platform, which is not present in the King's Arms case, and in consisting of one material only, brick, whereas the platforms of the King's Arms Kitchen are composed of brick and stone (IV, p. 31). For a discussion of kitchen entrance platforms and the relation of the floor to the ground in eighteenth century Virginia kitchens, see IV, p. 31).

All-brick entrance stoops (platforms with steps) were common in Virginia in colonial times. These very frequently had nosings of hardwood to protect the brickwork. Two examples of such brick entrance stoops which, though restored, are basically old, are the entrance steps and platforms on the east and west fronts of the Wythe House.

The south door, the one giving admission to the leanto, has two plank steps supported by plank stringers before it, and no platform. These are the same in general character as the riserless steps of the rear porch of the Tavern (I, pp. 104, 105) and of the Purdie House (I, p.109) and the precedent listed for those examples will cover the Kitchen steps as well.

The pair of steps is 4'-8" wide; the individual treads are 11" deep and 1 ¾" thick and the stringers, which are beaded on the outside edge, are 2" thick. The treads are mortised into the stringers and, like those of the Tavern but unlike those of the House, they advance somewhat beyond the sloping top surfaces of the stringers. The corners of these treads, however, have not been chamfered off as were those of the Tavern steps.

BRICK PAVING AND DRIPS

The building has brick paving (see IV, pp. 9-11) on the east side and on the south side between it and the Smokehouse. The paving stops west of the Smokehouse and a brick drip continues close to the Kitchen to the 88 COPY OF PLAT FROM INSURANCE POLICY TAKEN OUT ON PRUDIE PROPERTY (LOT 24) IN 1809. THE BUILDINGS ON THESE PLATS WERE NEVER DRAWN TO SCALE. THE DIMENSIONS GIVEN ON THEM WERE IN ROUND NUMBERS ONLY, SINCE THEY WERE OBTAINED BY PACING OFF THE DISTANCES. THE RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE BUILDINGS, AS GRAPHICALLY INDICATED, WERE ONLY APPROXIMATE, AT BEST, AND THEY WERE SOMETIMES ACTUALLY MISLEADING. FOR EXAMPLE, THE KITCHEN, SHOWN HERE ON THE WEST BOUNDARY, WAS PLACED SOUTHEAST OF THE MAIN HOUSE ON THE PLAT INCLUDED IN THE POLICY OF 1896 WHICH COVERS THE SAME PROPERTY. ALL OF THE BUILDINGS SHOWN ON THE PLAT HAVE BEEN RECONSTRUCTED, ALTHOUGH IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO ADHERE RIGIDLY TO THE DISTANCES WRITTEN IN ON THE PLAN. 89 southwest corner of the latter. On the north and west sides are planting beds running the length of those sides. In the west planting bed is a brick drip, interrupted at points by the presence of bushes.

WEATHERBOARDS

These have an exposure of from 5 ¼" to 5 ½". As another indication of the different periods of the main building and the leanto the weatherboards of the latter have not been made to line up with those of the main part. The discussion of the manner of applying weatherboarding which is given in the treatment of the weatherboarding of the King's Arms Kitchen will hold equally well here (IV, p. 26).

CORNICE

The cornices of the east and west facades are the same in sizes, detailing and treatment. The height of this cornice example is 10 3/16" and its projection from the face of the weatherboarding 12 ¼". Its elements are, top to bottom, a crown mold, fascia, drip, soffit and base mold. Although this cornice lacks the modillion blocks and lower fascia of the Tavern cornice, its moldings and other parts are similar in profile to the corresponding parts of the more elaborate Tavern cornice (I, p. 49). The Purdie Kitchen cornice is also similar to that of the King's Arms Stable, q.v., IV, p. 52. The cornice is received on its north end by end boards which follow its contour. On the opposite end of the cornice all of its elements return against the building as they approach the leanto roof. This treatment follows that of the cornice on the south elevation of the James Galt House (see ill., I, p. 105). The latter cornice continues over the sheathed-in south end of the porch and is returned against the triangle of boarding on the south end of the stoop.

CORNICE END BOARDS

As was stated above, there are only two of these (on the north end) and they follow the profile of the cornice. See I, pp. 91-93 for a discussion of cornice end boards and the precedent for the type which follows the cornice profile.

RAKE BOARDS

The rake boards of the north end are of normal length; they merge at the bottom with the cornice end boards and taper slightly as they move toward the roof peak. A ½" bead which follows the vertical, inside edge of the end board continues up the lower edge of the rake board from the point of junction of the two.

The rake boards of the south gable are reduced to about half their normal length by the circumstance that the leanto roof covers what would normally be the lower part of the gable end. The curtailed rakes are similar to the upper parts of the rake boards of the north end.

Rake boards have been placed between the roof edge and the weatherboards on the east and west faces of the leanto below the ridge lines formed by the junction of the main roof planes with that of the leanto. These 90 SOUTH ELEVATION OF TIMSON HOUSE SHOWING TREATMENT OF ROOF OF LEANTO WHICH SERVED AS PRECEDENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF THE ROOF OF THE LEANTO OF THE PURDIE KITCHEN. rake boards descend far enough to cover the ends of the crown mold which serves as a cornice on the south face of the leanto. Their ends are cut on a diagonal similar to the inclination of the crown mold but they do not follow the profile of the latter. See I, pp. 95, 96 for a discussion of rake boards.

These short rake boards have their precedent in a similar rake board treatment found on the leanto of the Timson House. See photograph of the south elevation of the Timson House for this detail.

CORNER BOARDS

One-faced corner boards have been placed at all four corners of the building and between the building proper and the leanto. These boards are 3 ½" wide and 1 ¼" thick and are beaded, in the case of the external ones, on their salient corners. The intermediate boards are beaded on the south-edges since these edges are the ones which, in accordance with the conception of the building as one which had been enlarged, stood free. Four of the corner boards run from the foundation to the lowest part of the cornice while the two at the southeast and southwest corners of the leanto ate only about three quarters of the height of the others 91 since they are stopped by the rake boards on the west and east fronts of the leanto.

Both the Moody House and the Quarter have single-faced corner boards which, though new, are replacements of old boards of the same character which were once part of the exterior trim of these buildings. The Timson House (see photograph), to which a leanto was added at the west end, still has on its south face, between the leanto and the house proper, the beaded cornerboard of the original southwest corner of the building. The house has, furthermore a corner board embedded in the weatherboarding of the south front between the entrance door and the eastmost window, the bead on this corner board being turned eastward. The existence of these two, evidently old, vestigial corner boards suggests strongly that the original Timson House comprised the part between the two corner boards and that the present entrance hallway, as well as the leanto, were added after the original one-room structure was built.

ATTIC VENTS

Attic vents constructed in the same manner as that in the west gable of the Tavern have been placed in both the north and south ends of the building near the roof peak. See I, pp. 117, 118 for a description of and precedent for this feature.

DOORS AND DOOR TRIM

Description of entrance doors. The two entrance doors of the east facade are double-sheathed, battened doors. In both cases the sheathing is composed of random-width boards with their joints beaded. Both also have diagonal sheathing on one side and vertical on the other, the vertical boards being on the outside in the case of the leanto door and on the inside in the case of the door giving admission to the main part of the building. The leanto door has two horizontal battens while the other door has three. The edges of these battens have been ornamented with a recessed quarter round in lieu of the more usual chamfering. The parts of the doors (two layers of sheathing and battens) are held together by nails with hand-hammered heads driven through the outside faces and clinched on the inside. These nails are arranged in vertical lines in which the nail heads of two adjacent lines are staggered, producing roughly-parallel diagonal lines as well as the vertical ones. The thickness of the doors, without the battens, is 1 ½", the battens adding 13/16" to the overall thickness. Both doors are 3'-0" wide and 6'-10 5/8" thick.

Double sheathed doors and mixed types. Double-sheathed doors were commonly enough used in the eighteenth century, being found more often on outbuildings than on houses. An old example of a double-sheathed door in Williamsburg is the door of the Lightfoot Smokehouse which has vertical boards on the outside and horizontal ones on the inside. We may assume that when battens do not exist on the inside of a double-sheathed door the latter was originally constructed in that form. Where battens exist on a double-sheathed door, as in the case of the doors of the Purdie Kitchen, we would assume either that the second layer of sheathing had been added to a board and batten door which had become weakened through use, in order to strengthen the door or that battens had been added to a double-sheathed door for the same purpose.

There are other variants of the sheathed door with members of the order of battens added to strengthen them. The old door of the Tayloe Office represents one of these variants. This door has vertical boarding on the inside and the semblance of paneling on the outside. What we have in reality, in this case, is a boarded door with the stiles and rails of a panelled door applied to it. It is conceivable that such a door may have started its existence as a board and batten door and have been changed, by the addition of stiles and for reasons of stability and/or appearance, to the present mixed variety. An old door which once hung on the Jackson House but which has become lost was also of this type.

Another door type related to the one above but which probably evolved in a different fashion, is represented by the old main entrance door of the Brush-Everard House. This door has true paneling on the outside and diagonal sheathing on the inside. The first door in this case was probably a paneled one. When this began to show signs of weakening the sheathing was doubtless added to strengthen it.

Louvred screen doors. An ostensibly two-valve louvred screen door has been placed before each of the two double-sheathed entrance doors. The meeting stiles of the two halves of this door are actually one piece with a bead down the center so that the door swings as a single valve and is in actuality this. Each half of the door is divided into two "panels" (the upper being higher than the lower) which are composed of two sets of fixed horizontal slats or louvres, those on the outside sloping in one direction and the ones on the inside in the other. Between these two series of louvres bronze insect screening is inserted. The door design is based upon that of old louvred doors which existed in colonial times. These old models were actual two-valve doors but they were not double-louvred as here and they had no screening. The departures from precedent made here result from the need to accommodate these old designs to present day requirements. Examples of old eighteenth century louvred doors can still be seen in Alexandria and in New Castle, Delaware.

Door frames. The exterior door frames are simpler than those of the King's Arms Kitchen and consist of a cyma reversa backband and a beaded fascia. Certain old door frames of the Brush-Everard House have this profile.

Door hardware. Sheathed doors. The hardware of the two entrance doors is the same and all of it, except the modern locks, is reproduced after colonial models. It consists, in the case of each door, of one pair of 12" wrought iron HL hinges (CW-F3) and one iron rim lock, Reading No. C-625, with brass knobs, brass rose and key escutcheon. These doors also have modern Yale locks.^*

Louvred doors. Each of these has a wrought iron door pull similar to CW F-15 and a 3" long wrought iron cabin hook and two staples (CW-F21). These are reproduced after colonial models. The doors swing on modern stock butt hinges and have modern automatic door closers.

WINDOWS, WINDOW TRIM AND SHUTTERS

First floor windows. There are three 15-light double-hung windows and three of 8-lights on the first floor. See the elevation drawings for the distribution of these windows. The opening size of the 15-light windows is 2'-7" x 5'-1 ½" and that of the 8-light windows l'-7 ½" x 4'-2". The glass pane size in both cases is 9" x 11".

The windows have the same cross-sectional profile as the Tavern windows (see ill., I, p. 71). The exterior window frames are of the block type used with shutters, like those of the Tavern windows (I, pp. 71, 72). The sills are also of the block type, unmolded except for a bead which runs along the bottom (see sills of Tavern leanto windows (I, p. 112).

Window precedent. The precedent for the 15-light windows is the second floor windows of the Tayloe House; for the 8-light windows--a second floor window of the Quarter and two second floor windows of the Bracken House.

Shutters. All of the shutters are of the board and batten type, the ones of the 15-light windows occurring in pairs and those of the 8-light windows being single. Each has, on the inside when the shutters are closed, three horizontal wood battens with chamfered edges. The meeting edges of the two-valve shutters are beaded.

Shutter precedent. The Timson House has old two-valve solid wood shutters composed of vertical sheathing held in place by battens on the back (see ill., IV, p. 90). Single-valve shutters were not infrequent on narrow windows. Such a shutter, of the panelled type, however, is present in an HABS photograph of Wales near Petersburg (Architectural Records Office) which shows an old 4-light window.

Shutter hardware. Each shutter is equipped with a pair of wrought iron strap hinges with pintels. The hinges are similar to the one shown in CWI hardware folder, plate 1-A, type 2. These are made after old models. Each shutter also has a wrought iron-cabin hook, 4" long, with staples. This is similar to CWI-21 and it is used as a hold-back and to secure the shutters.

Second floor sash. This is a 4-light casement window with an opening 1'-7 ½" x 2'-0" and glass panes 8" x 10" in size. The exterior frame and sill are similar in character to those of the first floor windows. The subject of 4-light windows has been discussed at some length in IV, pp. 27-29 and will not be treated further here.

DORMERS AND DORMER WINDOWS

There are four dormers placed on the axes of the first floor openings in the east and west fronts. They are the gable-ended type having 94 DETAIL OF ORIGINAL DORMER — CASEY'S GIFT (SASH ARE NOT ORIGINAL) the slopes of the gable finished with tapering rake boards. The gable triangle is faced with flush, beaded, shiplapped boards and the sides are covered in the same way, except that the boards here run on the diagonal, taking the slope of the main roof. A crown mold (cyma recta over cyma reversa) runs along the dormer sides at the eaves level. This is received at the front by the straight out ends of the rake boards. The sash frame consists of a cyma reversa backband and a beaded fascia and the sill is of the square-cut type.

The window opening is l'-7 ½' wide and 3'-10" high and the glass pane size is 8" x 10". The window has 8 lights, divided equally between the two movable sash.

The dormer roof, which is pitched at an angle of 48 ½°,^* is covered by the same type of round-butted asbestos cement shingles as the main Kitchen roof.

Dormer precedent. These dormers, in all of their detailing, are almost exact replicas of two original dormers found on a small Williamsburg structure (now demolished) which was known as Casey's Gift House. The Casey dormers, of course, were roofed with wood shingles.

ROOF AND ROOF COVERING

Discussion of roof shape. The shape of the main roof of the Kitchen and that of the leanto are apparent from the elevation drawings. It is interesting to compare the treatment of the south (leanto) end with the treatment of one of the ends of the Purdie House (see photograph, I. p. 19). The Purdie roof has "clipped" gable ends (I, pp. 30, 31) which signifies that the top part of the gable has been cut off and replaced by a sloping roof hip. In the case of the south end of the Purdie Kitchen this top triangle of the gable remains but the bottom part of the gable wall has been covered by the shed roof of the leanto. It is readily seen that if one combined the end wall condition of the Purdie House with that of the Purdie Kitchen, making the roof slopes uniform throughout, a fully hipped end would result.

The condition which we find in the Purdie Kitchen in which the main roof. slope continues southward beyond the limits of the main part of the building, forming a triangular extension of the main roof on the east 95 and west sides, results as a matter of course from the fact that the leanto has the same width as the building proper. If it were desired to confine the leanto roof wholly within the limits of the gable end of the building, the leanto would have to be considerably narrower than the main part of the Kitchen.

Precedent for roof treatment. The Timson House (see photograph, IV, p. 90) has, on its south front, a treatment of the roof of the west leanto which is similar to that of the Purdie leanto. A difference lies in the fact that in the case of the Kitchen the main cornice continues across the east and west faces of the leanto until it strikes the rake board which follows the lower part of the leanto roof slope, whereas in the Timson example a break in the continuity of the roof occurs above the one-time southwest corner of the building (indicated by the vestigial corner board), the main cornice is stopped by a cornice end board and the set-back portion of the roof which continues across the leanto necessarily has a considerably slighter overhang, in view of the fact that the south face of the leanto is in the same plane as the face of the main building. This lesser overhang in the roof of the Timson leanto could not accommodate a cornice of the projection of the main cornice so that a flat board, continuing the leanto rake board, was used in its stead.

The Timson leanto projects beyond the face of the main building on the north side so that, on that face, we have a situation different from that in the Purdie Kitchen.

Roof covering; "fan-tailing" and "combing" of shingles: The roof of the Purdie Kitchen is covered by the same type of round-butted asbestos cement shingles used on the Tavern and the Purdie House and on most of the outbuildings of the group.

ARCHIBALD BLAIR SMOKEHOUSE (RIGHT) AND PRIVY (LEFT). THE PHOTOGRAPH WAS MADE IN 1929 BY SINGLETON P. MOOREHEAD, BEFORE THE RESTOATION OF THE BUILDINGS. THE PICTURE OF THE SMOKEHOUSE SHOWS THAT THE SHINGLES CLOSE TO AND AT THE HIPS NO LONGER HAVE PARALLEL SIDES, THE LATTER HAVING BEEN GIVEN A SLOPE TO ADJUST THEM TO THE DIAGONALS OF THE HIPS.

We should not omit the mention of a problem which arises in connection with the application of shingles at and near the meeting line of two roof slopes. These slopes can be of equal pitches, in which case the problem is relatively uncomplicated or, like the main and leanto roofs of the Purdie Kitchen, they can be of different pitches (52° and 30° respectively, in this case) and then the solution is more difficult.

Considering the simpler of the two cases, the meeting of two roof slopes of equal pitch, as in the case of the Archibald Blair smokehouse, above, we observe that the problem can be solved by cutting the sides of the shingles progressively more on a diagonal as they approach the hip line. If this were not done--if, in other words, the sides of the shingles remained perpendicular to the eaves line of the roof, the shingles at the ridge would be cut to a wedge shape which would make their application very difficult. Sometimes, in addition to sloping the shingle edges as they approach the hip, they are also turned in such a way that the direction of the sides becomes progressively closer to that of the hip diagonal. This results in the curving upward of the otherwise horizontal shingle lines as they get closer to the hip. This device was used in the roof of the Purdie Well House, in which the curvature of the shingle lines is readily apparent.

In the more complex case in which two roof planes of unequal pitch meet in a hip, both of the above devices may be used. In the case of the Purdie Kitchen, however, it was decided to keep the bottom edges of the shingle rows straight and effect the junction of the triangular extension of the main roof with the leanto roof by sloping the shingle sides. The effect can be observed in the frontispiece of this volume--the "vertical" lines of shingles near the hip tend to curve away from the hip, for the reason that there is staggering or off-setting of the shingles whose sides have the same slope. This is explained by the fact that, because of the shape of the roof surface, the sides of the shingles nearer the top of the triangle approach more closely the direction of the hip while the sides of those nearer the bottom in any line become steeper because they are farther away from the hip, so that a curve results.

It will further be observed in the photograph that the rows of shingles on the two roof slopes do not line up, the difference in the pitches making it difficult to achieve a lining-up. This staggering of the shingle rows on two adjacent roof slopes is clearly observable in the roof of the James Galt House, where we have the meeting of the main roof with two leanto roofs of slopes different from that of the main roof.

The device of changing the slope of the shingle sides as they approach a hip is called "fan-tailing" whether the bottoms of the shingles are kept horizontal or allowed to curve. In any case, the "vertical" lines of shingles tend to curve, to a greater or less degree, suggesting the parts of a fan radiating from a central point where they are bound together.

It should be noted that this roof, like the other A roofs on the two plots and the gambrel roof of the Tavern, is "combed." This signifies that at the ridge the top line of shingles of one side (the west, here) is lapped over the other and stands free, projecting about an inch beyond 97 the roof ridge. The purpose of this is to cover the joint between the two lines of shingles which meet at the ridge. It was particularly necessary in colonial times when, so far as we know, little flashing was used. This projection, generally speaking, was made in the direction opposite to that of the prevailing wind to reduce the risk of the latter getting under the shingle overhang and forcing the shingles up. In the case of the Purdie Kitchen and of the other buildings on the two plots having roof ridges running north and south the west roof plane has been considered the windward side and it is the top shingle row of this side which projects. In the case of buildings on the properties with a main axis running east and west the north side was considered the windward and the shingles of this side were made to overlap those of the south side.

LEANTO CORNICE

The leanto cornice, mentioned under the subject of rake boards, consists of the cyma recta over cyma reversa crown mold used so widely for trim purposes on almost all of the buildings of the King's Arms-Purdie group. Old (though repaired) examples of this crown mold are found on the Tayloe House, serving as the crown mold of the main cornice and as the upper cornice between the two slopes of the gambrel roof.

CHIMNEY

Like the chimney of the King's Arms Kitchen, this chimney is T-shaped and rises through the building, dividing the first floor of the latter into two distinct areas. The old chimney of the Timson House, it should be noted, which, before the leanto was built, was an end chimney, now rises through the house between the main and leanto portions in the manner of the chimney of the Purdie Kitchen. The latter chimney contains, at present, one flue only since there is but a single fireplace, though in the eighteenth century it probably would have served two and, possibly three fireplaces in a building such as this. (See, under Chimney, King's Arms Kitchen, the discussion of T-shaped chimneys which gives reasons for the use of the T shape in a chimney serving only two fireplaces.)

Brickwork. The brick used in this chimney is new handmade brick similar in size and color to that used in the Alexander Purdie House. It is laid up in Flemish bond with oyster shell mortar in the same manner as the chimneys of the House. For a discussion of the brickwork of the Purdie House chimneys see I, pp. 35, 36, 38 and 43.

Chimney cap. The cap of this chimney is similar, in its sequence of projecting brick courses, and other features, to the chimney of the King's Arms Kitchen, except that it has, at the bottom, three one-brick-high courses corbelled out, while the King's Arms Kitchen has but two. The three chimneys of the King's Arms Tavern, two of which are T-shaped, have caps with the same number of projecting bands of brickwork as ours. The two old chimneys of the Clerk's Office and the old, but rebuilt, chimneys of the President's House have chimneys caps of the profile of the Purdie Kitchen chimney cap.

Chimney haunches. Unlike the chimney of the King's Arms Kitchen this chimney becomes diminished in size above the level of the hypothetical 98 fireplace which may have existed on the second floor in the eighteenth century. The diminution from a width of 4'-3 ¾" to one of 3'-3 ¾" takes place above the leanto roof by means of sloping haunches faced with brickwork. The customary projecting "drip" courses are present, above and below these haunches. Although there are haunches on one side only of the Barber Shop chimney, the description of the latter will hold, also, for the haunches of the present chimney (III, pp. 42, 43). The precedent for the use of brick to cover the two sloping haunches is the similar treatment of the haunches of the old chimney of the reconstructed Lewis House (III, p. 44). For notes on chimney construction, see IV, pp. 30, 31.

ENTRANCE LANTERN

This 12" high lantern hangs from a wrought iron braced hook at about eye level a few inches north of the main entrance door of the Kitchen, i.e., the north door (see frontispiece to this section). It is a glass and tin lantern, square in plan with each side 5" in width. The metalwork is painted black. Though this lantern type originally held a candle this one is wired for electricity and has a light bulb. The lantern, the model name of which is "Connecticut," is designed in the spirit of colonial lanterns and made by the Industrial Arts Shop of Boston. The bracket is similar to an old one found by Singleton P. Moorehead on Nantucket Island and it is of the same character as the one used on the Purdie Stable except that it has two arms rather than three.

EXTERIOR PAINT COLORS

The exterior color scheme conforms to the exterior color scheme of the Alexander Purdie House (I, pp. 148-151).

WOODS USED ON EXTERIOR

These are similar to the wood types used on the exteriors of the Tavern and the Purdie House (I, pp. 152, 153).

INTERIOR OF KITCHEN

Since it has not been reconstructed to serve its original uses and is authentic only in the character of its detailing, the interior of the Purdie Kitchen will not be covered here.

FOUNDATION BRICKWORK AND PAVING

Two courses only of foundation brickwork are visible above ground. This is similar to the brickwork of the Alexander Purdie House with respect to the characteristics of the brick itself, the bond and the mortar and mortar joints (see I, pp. 38, 41, 43 for a discussion of the brickwork of the House).

The Smokehouse has brick paving on three sides (north, south and east) and a brick drip running parallel with the west side about 6" from the building. The brick of both the paving and the drip are modern hard burned paving brick similar to that used adjacent to the two Stables.

OMISSION OF STEP

It may be well to mention the fact that, unlike most of the other outbuildings on the Purdie and Tavern properties, the Smokehouse has no step before its door. There was no rule about this in the eighteenth century——some smokehouses had them, apparently, and some did not. Our Claremont example had a wood block step but there is no way of knowing how long it had been there and whether or not the smokehouse originally had such a step.

Eighteenth century smokehouses customarily had dirt floors at grade level. Since no floor beams, which would have raised the floor level considerably, were necessary, the brick foundation walls had to rise only a couple of courses above the ground level. With a house sill resting upon the brickwork and a door sill upon that, the height of the so—called "step—over sill" which one would need to pass over to get into the smokehouse was such (from 9" to 12") that no step was actually required as an aid to entering the building. This was the theory followed here in the omission of the step. But, despite this, as we have said, steps were sometimes used. Presumably, the greater the elevation of the sill the greater was the likelihood of a step being placed before the door.

FLUSH BOARDING

The boards, which are placed horizontally, are of red gulf cypress of random widths varying from 7" to 11". These have a thickness of 13/16". They are rough sawn and left unplaned so that their straight saw marks are visible. They are set together with ship—lapped joints and the upper outside edge of each board has been given a 3/8" bead. The boards are nailed to the studding with galvanized wire nails with hand—hammered heads. Since the studs are placed 14" on centers vertical lines of nail heads, 14" apart, result. The precedent for the use here of horizontal flush boarding was the smokehouse on the Tayloe property and that on the Archibald Blair lot. In neither of these cases are the boards beaded.

CORNICE, CORNICE END BOARDS AND RAKE BOARDS ABSENT

Of all the buildings on the Purdie and King's Arms properties, this is the only one which lacks a cornice. The detail which takes the place of this feature will be discussed in the treatment of the roof of the building. Where there is no cornice, naturally, there can also be no cornice end boards. Where the roof is continuous (hipped), as here, there are also no rake boards.

CORNER BOARDS

These are of the single—faced type, the faces appearing on the east and west sides of the building. The boards are 3 ¼" in width and 1" thick and have a bead, ½" in diameter, on the corner edge. They extend from the building plate to the bottom of the sheathing. These corner boards are similar to the ones used on the Alexander Purdie Kitchen and they were based on the same old examples as the latter.

DOOR AND DOOR TRIM AND HARDWARE

The door is located on the center line of the east elevation with its lower edge raised about a foot off the ground. It is a 3'—0" wide and 6'—4" high board and batten door. The sheathing is random—width and beaded and it runs vertically. The boards are held together by three horizontal battens attached at the back by nailing through the sheathing and clinching the nails against the faces of the battens. The nails are galvanized cut nails with hand—hammered heads. The old board and batten door of the Tayloe Smokehouse may be cited as precedent for the Purdie Smokehouse door (see photograph of the Tayloe door on p. 192 of the architectural report on the Tayloe outbuildings). It should be remarked that the vertical boards of the door of the Tayloe Smokehouse are unbeaded.

Door Trim. The door trim consists of two jamb pieces only, the head piece having been omitted. The jamb pieces are 2 ¾" wide and 13/16" thick and have a ½" bead on the outside edge bordering the door opening. At the point where the jamb pieces meet the head of the door opening they are cut off on a 45 angle as though they were to receive a head piece. Since the latter doesn't exist the sheathing board adjacent to the door opening performs the functions of a top trim piece and is cut out at either side to receive the pointed ends of the jamb pieces. This detail is similar to the treatment of the trim of the door to the basement in the Shop Room of the King's Arms Barber Shop. See III, p. 60 for a discussion of that detail and the basis for it.

Hardware. The door swings on two wrought iron strap hinges, 2'—1" long, which are copied after an old hinge found at Hillsboro, King and Queen County. This is shown as type 2 on plate 23 of the Hardware Folder. It also has a 3'—8 ¼" long wrought iron bar strap for securing the door. This was copied after a similar old bar strap on the Tazewell Hall smokehouse. (Now destroyed but recorded in the architectural files of Colonial Williamsburg). Since the building is used for storage purposes and must be kept locked, a padlock (C.W. reproduction #25) and a staple and chain are provided with the bar strap.

ROOF AND ROOF COVERING

The roof is of the hipped type; there is a roof plane, that is, on each of the four sides and these planes meet in ridges called "hips". The steepness of the pitch of the roof (68°) has already been commented upon (IV, p. 102). We remarked that the model for the roof was the roof of the smokehouse at Claremont Manor, It was from this roof also that the architects derived the treatment of the eaves of the Purdie Smokehouse. That there is no cornice has already been stated. The purpose of a cornice, incidentally, is primarily to cover up the ends of roof rafters which are extended beyond the plate in order to provide an overhang for the roofing material.

This overhang, in turn, allows the rain water to drip off the roof without striking the building. The roof overhang is present in this case but it is created not by a prolongation of the rafters but rather by short (1'—6" long) extensions of them which are nailed to the rafters (see drawing of Claremont detail). The use of the pieces causes a turning upward of the lower part of the roof slope, a feature known as a "kick."

The extensions, called "kickout pieces" are of the same thickness as the rafters (nominally 3") and are cut to a wedge shape so that they can be spiked to the top surface of the rafters. The lower edges of these kickout pieces, at the point where they clear the face of the building, are chamfered and this decorative finishing is carried around the ends. With no cornice to cover the rafter extensions and close off the eaves space it is possible to look up between these kickout pieces and see the roofers which are, in this case, solid sheathing. As is evident from the Claremont detail, the roofers of that building are spaced boards. Shingles were in the eighteenth century, in fact, generally laid on roofing boards which had spaces between them so that the air could circulate under the shingles and keep them dried out. Examples have been found where the roofers were unspaced or scarcely spaced at all, but this condition was not typical.

EAVES DETAIL OF SMOKEHOUSE AT CLAREMONT MANOR, SURRY COUNTY (DRAWING FROM PERSONAL ARCHITECTURAL SKETCHBOOK OF SINGLETON P. MOOREHEAD). THE SKETCH SHOWS THE MANNER OF USING EXTENSIONS CALLED "KICKOUTS," NAILED TO THE RAFTER ENDS, TO PRODUCE A ROOF OVERHANG. THE KICKOUT PIECE ALSO EFFECTS A "KICK" OR A TURNING UPWARD OF THE ROOF SLOPE, A DECORATIVE REFINEMENT. THIS CLAREMONT DETAIL WAS FOLLOWED VERY CLOSELY IN THE PURDIE SMOKEHOUSE.

The continuous sheathing, therefore, used beneath the round—butted asbestos cement shingles of the Purdie Smokehouse, is not representative of eighteenth century construction. It was used here since there was no need, with asbestos cement shingles, to provide for a circulation of air beneath and between the shingles. The continuous sheathing beneath the shingles produces, in addition, a more air tight building, which is desirable in structures used, as most of these are, for modern purposes. This departure is justifiable here since the building, though the sheathing is visible on the interior, is not open to the public.

ROOF FINIAL

The problem of covering the tops of the shingles where these meet or nearly meet at the peak of the roof is solved by the use of a wood finial the base of which is cut out to fit over the shingle ends. This bottom element of the finial which is circular in plan and quarter—circular in profile, covers what would otherwise be the "raw" ends of the shingles and also the top of the wood post or "finial shank" which receives the rafters and descends about half way down through the "attic" space of the smokehouse where it is secured to cross ties. An iron pipe dowel penetrating both the finial and the suspended post holds the finial in place.

The base of the finial is the only part of the element which is actually functional. The bulk of the feature which is 1'—3 3/8" in height serves decorative rather than practical uses. This particular example (see elevation drawing) takes the form of a stylized pineapple, a motive much used in the eighteenth century to connote hospitality. This has been turned out of solid wood.

Precedent for finial. Roofs running to a point as does this one were generally terminated in the eighteenth century by a finial of one design or another, though frequently old buildings in the course of time have lost the finials they once possessed. The finial of the Public Magazine, though new, is a replica of an old one found at the peak of the roof of that building. This finial is, of course, very much larger than the one atop the Purdie Smokehouse and its design is different, although the purpose of the feature is the same. The wood finials of an old smoke house at Port Royal, Caroline County and of a privy at Brandon, Prince George County (see personal sketchbook of Singleton P. Moorehead) are of the same general size and character as ours, though the design of the turnings is somewhat different. The finials of four old gate posts near Enniscorthy, the Cole estate in Albemarle County (see photographs in Arthur A. Shurcliff's Southern Colonial Places) have cross—sectional shapes essentially like that of the upper part of our finial, though they differ from it in detail.

EXTERIOR PAINT COLORS

The exterior siding and trim of the Smokehouse is painted with Dri—Wall. The door is painted dark brown (#168) and the sill Valdura taupe (buff #25), the same colors used on the exterior doors and door sills, respectively, of the house. The ends of the rafter extensions and the exposed underside of the roof sheathing have been painted Spanish brown (#1079).

EXTERIOR WOODWORK

The wood parts visible on the exterior are made of red gulf cypress except the door sill which is of heart long leaf yellow pine. These woods are similar to those used on the house exterior for the same or similar parts (I, p. 152, 153). All woodwork here has been rough sawn leaving straight saw cuts.

INTERIOR

Since this building is not open for the inspection of visitors no attempt has been made to restore the interior authentically as a smokehouse.

COLONIAL FOUNDATIONS DISCOVERED SOUTH OF THE PURDIE HOUSE, THE FOUNDATION AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SHEET BEING APPROXIMATELY 30'—0" FROM THE SOUTH WALL OF THE HOUSE. ONLY THE WELL COULD BE IDENTIFIED WITH CERTAINTY. FROM THE TOP OF THE SHEET TO THE BOTTOM, THE BUILDINGS RECONSTRUCTED ON THESE FOUNDATION SITES ARE AS FOLLOWS: DAIRY, WELL HEAD, STOREHOUSE AND WOODSHED. THE REASONS FOR ERECTING EACH BUILDING IN ITS PARTICULAR LOCATION WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE SECTION OF THE REPORT DEALING WITH THAT BUILDING.

FOUNDATION BRICKWORK

English bond like that of Purdie House and same size and character of brick ( I, pp. 38, 41).

FLUSH BOARDING

Widths: 8" to 10" x 13/16". Material: red gulf cypress, rough sawn with straight saw cuts. The boards run horizontally. Joint: lapped or "feathered" as in siding of Archibald Blair: Smoke House. Nails: galvanized iron, with hand hammered heads, except where copper flashing occurs. There the nails are copper with hand—hammered heads.

CORNICE

Box cornice like that in Macomber photo. Certain moldings of the latter were missing amid these were added, viz., a crown mold (cyma recta, cyma reversa) and a bed mold (quarter round, cyma reversa). The latter molding returns at either side against the corner board. The fascia below the crown mold ends in a drip formed by a quarter round. Precedent for crown mold, bed mold and drip: cornice of Smokehouse of Tazewell Hall (see drawing, p. 17, personal detail sketchbook of Singleton P. Moorehead). Precedent for return of the bed mold: similar treatment at ends of main cornice of Captain Orr's Dwelling. The Orr molding also has the same profile.

RAKEBOARD

The ogee curve at the lower end of the rake boards is a common terminal feature; it is found, for example on a privy of ca. 1790 at Port Royal (S. P. Moorehead sketchbook, p. 1), and on the West House, Yorktown (ibid., p. 6). A rake board cut to the profile of the cornice crown mold and serving as a stop for this was found on a slave quarter at Tuckahoe, Goochland County (ibid., p. 6).

SHELVES AND BRACKETS

These occur only on north elevation. The well house of White Marsh, Gloucester County has a single shelf supported on straight—edged triangular wood brackets near the entrance door (see photograph, large photo book, Colonial Williamsburg drafting room). The brackets of the Purdie Dairy, though they are more ornamental than those of the White Marsh well house, have, nevertheless, essentially the same triangular shape as the latter. The Curves forming the "hypotenuse" of the triangle (quarter round, large cavetto, cyma reversa) are all very typical of the period.

BOARD AND BATTEN DOOR

Similar to countless outbuilding doors; old examples are the doors which hung, prior to the restoration of these buildings, on the Archibald Blair smokehouse, privy and dairy. (See Archibald Blair architectural report for photographs.)

DOOR HARDWARE

The unusual wrought iron strap hinges with their wavy outline produced by the flattening out of the strap at regular intervals in its length, are copied from old ones found at Hillsboro, King and Queen County (see C.W. Hardware Folder, plate 23, Type 2). The wrought iron hasp is copied from an old one found on the basement door of the Alexander Craig House. This is illustrated on plate 8 of the Hardware Folder, where it is designated as Type 3.

DOOR FRAME

The head and jambs are formed by the projection to the face of the facade of a 1 ¼" thick part of the frame members, leaving a ½" rabbet to act as a door stop. The edge of the frame thus formed on the opening side has been given a ½" bead. There is, thus, no applied trim. Several doors of the Brush—Everard House (see chart p. 73 of architectural report on that house) have frames without applied trim in which the structural framework, provided with a bead, serves as the finished frame. The sill is of the unmolded block type, lining up with the outside edges of the jamb pieces.

WOOD STEP

It has been assumed that many eighteenth century Virginia buildings, and, particularly, smaller ones such as outbuildings, had block wood steps such as this one for the simple reason that the sills of the entrance doorways were sufficiently elevated to require a step and yet no evidences 114 of masonry steps have been found in many cases. It would be remarkable, indeed, if such wood steps set on the ground in the eighteenth century had not rotted away long before the arrival of the twentieth century. Documentary evidence indicates that buildings were built in Williamsburg with wood sills resting on the ground and smaller structures are still erected in the remote parts of the commonwealth which are supported on wood posts inserted in the ground. We have, therefore, ample reason to believe that wood members were frequently placed on or in the ground in the eighteenth century, even though actual old examples have not been found.

LANTERN

This is suspended by means of a chain from a hook screwed into the cornice soffit near the southwest corner of the building (see frontispiece). It is made of tin, painted black, and has glass sides and bottom. Its original purpose, presumably, was to provide a point of illumination in the pleasure UNIDENTIFIED DAIRY WHICH SERVED AS MODEL FOR DESIGN OF PURDIE DAIRY (PHOTOGRAPH, W. M. MACOMBER, 1929). 115 garden, within which it actually hangs. The lantern, 10 ½" high by 7" square, is a colonial reproduction made by the Industrial Arts Shop in Boston under the model name, "Connecticut." (Lighting fixtures such as this, made by a commercial firm, are chosen for use in the restored area when they are copied from colonial originals or represent a close adaptation of an original colonial design.)

PAINT COLORS

All sheathing and trim members are painted with Dri—Wall (white), applied thinly so that the wood color shows through in places. This is a water paint which is used to simulate whitewash; it is a paste which contains oil but which is soluble in water.

The door and the shelves with their brackets are painted dark brown (#168), This is the same color used on the doors of the Purdie House. The sill is buff (Valdura taupe, #25), like the exterior sills of the House.

WOODS USED ON EXTERIOR

The exterior woodwork is red gulf heart cypress. With the exception of the crown and bed molds, this is all rough sawn and it is marked with straight saw cuts.

INTERIOR

This building is an exterior reconstruction. Since it is used for storage purposes and is not open to public inspection the interior was left unfinished.

FOUNDATION BRICKWORK

The visible part of the foundation wall is about 3 ½" in height and consists of bricks laid on their sides with the ends showing. These brick are of the same size, color and general character as the brickwork of the House foundations and, like the latter, they are laid up in an imitation of the oyster shell mortar which was in general use for brickwork in the eighteenth century.

Bricks were laid on edge on occasion in the eighteenth century, not for decorative reasons but as a leveling device. The top course was placed this way when one brick thickness did not suffice to give the desired wall height and when two thicknesses with their intervening joint would have been too much. It sometimes occurred, in the laying up of the foundations of the various parts of a building, that, through inaccurate workmanship, the parts of the foundation were not maintained at the same level. Bricks were then sometimes placed on edge to bring the whole foundation to the same height. We have an instance of this in the old foundation of the northeast wing of the Brush—Everard House. The top course here is a rolock course i. e., with bricks on edge, whereas the remainder of the house has its top course lying flatwise (see Progress Photo, 49—W—486). Rolock brickwork can also be seen in the old foundation of the Barraud House (Progress Photo, N 6750).

WOOD FRAMEWORK

Since the wood framework is partly visible from the outside of the Well House and wholly so to one opening the latticework door in the west face, a few words should be said about it. It is all rough sawn. A 4" x 6" sill, anchored to the brick foundation, carries the vertical members. These comprise four 4" x 4" corner posts which, with one intermediate 4" x 4" stud each on the north, south and east sides and two such studs on the west side, flanking the door opening, carry the 4" x 4" plate. The latter, in turn, receives 3" x 4" rafters and a 4" x 4" central beam. This supports 2" x 4" horizontal ties and the 3" x 3" vertical shank which holds the finial. The corner posts and intermediate studs also support, with the aid of short studding, a 3" x 4" intermediate plate which carries a 6 ½" wide wood shelf or sill, the top of which is 2'—9 ½" above the level of the surrounding brick paving and which projects ½" beyond the face of the flush boarding, This sill holds the latticework which rises to the underside of the main plate. The wood framework is similar in the character and weight of the members, to the eighteenth century framework of a building of this type, though it is held together, not by mortise and tenon joints as it would have been in colonial times, but by nailing. No anchor bolts would have been used in the eighteenth century to secure the sill to the foundation.

Although it is possible to open the latticework door, since it is held shut only by a wood button, this structure is intended to be an exterior reconstruction. The brickwork of the circular well shaft, therefore, has not been reconstructed. Examining the Well House interior, one finds in lieu of the well cap a wood floor only, elevated to a height of 1'—10 ½" above grade. These boards, which are separated by a space of about ½", are 7 ½" to 9" wide and 7/8" thick. They are supported 121 on 2" x 6" joists. The floor boards were put in the building since the latter is, on occasion, used for storage purposes.

FLUSH BOARDING

Unlike the King William County well house in which the "base", below the latticework is covered on the outside with Vertical sheathing but similar to the Captain Orr example, this part of the Purdie Well House is sheathed with horizontal wood sheathing, rough sawn, with vertical saw cuts. The boards are unbeaded and vary in height from 5 ½" to 11". They are held to the vertical framework by galvanized cut nails with hand hammered heads I the vertical lines of the nail heads following the position of the studding. Corner boards applied to the corner posts receive the sheathing at the corners.

CORNICE

The cornice consists of the familiar cyma recta over cyma reversa crown mold which was used at many points on the main buildings and the outbuildings. It continues around the four sides of the building, being mitered at the corners, so that there are no cornice end boards on this building. The lower part of the crown mold rests against the head piece of the lattice framework.

RAKE BOARDS — ABSENT

There are no rake boards on this structure since the roof is pyramid shaped and there are no gable ends. Rake boards exist only where there are exposed, inclined roof edges. In hipped roofs such as this, with a roof slope on each of the four sides, free, sloping roof edges do not exist.

CORNER BOARDS

Corner boards 13/16" thick and approximately 4 ¼" wide are applied to each of the two external sides of the corner posts. These rise from the foundation to the cornice and combine with a headpiece contiguous with the crown mold to form an enframement of the facade. They have a 3/8" bead at each corner edge and a similar bead on the edge adjoining the latticework, the bead here stopping at the sill between the latticework and the sheathing. Each of the intermediate posts has, on its face, above the level of the sill, a corresponding board, 3" wide and beaded on both outside edges. Around the door the bead toward the opening is omitted on the vertical boards and the headpiece, a strip 1 7/8" wide and 7/16" thick and rounded on the outside to form a 3/8" bead taking the place of it. This strip, continued around the four sides of the latticed door, together with the 1 ¼" x 1 ¼" pieces to which the slats are applied, forms a framework for the latter. The headpiece, which is applied to the plate but which drops about 2 ½" below this, is beaded on all of its lower edges, except where the bead of the door frame takes its place. Thus, the latticework is enclosed, top and sides, by a beaded frame. The bead does not exist at the bottom of the fixed lattice but does continue across the bottom of the door.

LATTICEWORK AND DOOR THEREIN

The latticework is made up of 1 ¼" wide and 5/16" thick slats spaced a distance apart equal to their width and running diagonally at a 45° angle. There are two "layers" of these, one superimposed upon the other. With the spacing between the slats equal to the slat width, square openings result, through which air and light can pass. The lattice slats are attached to 1 ¼" x 1 ¼" pieces forming a framework which in turn is nailed to the posts, plate and sill. The lattice door in the west front has a similar framework, to which are applied the aforementioned beaded side strips, which cover the "raw" ends of the lattice. The latter, in the case of the fixed latticework, are received by the corner boards and the corresponding boards applied to the intermediate studding.

The latticework is similar to that of the old Captain Orr and King William County examples. An old well house photographed by Arthur A. Shurcliff at Edenton, North Carolina, has sides covered by similar diagonal latticework which runs, in this case, from the cornice to the ground (see photo, large photograph book, Colonial Williamsburg drafting room).

Hardware of door: This consists of a pair of wrought iron "H" hinges, 9 ¾" long and similar to C.W. F—3, without washers, and a 4 ½" long and 1 ½" wide, tapering wood button, which turns on the shaft of a spike with a hand hammered head. The button is attached to the northerly post of the two vertical members flanking the door opening and it is the sole provision for keeping the door closed. The hinges are new but reproduced after a colonial model. The button follows the precedent of old examples of this general shape which were used on simpler types of buildings, like well houses, privies, chicken coops, etc. These were also widely used on cabinet doors.

ROOF AND ROOF COVERING

The roof has four similar planes meeting in hip ridges running diagonally in respect to the square of the plan. The four planes slope uniformly at 60°. They are covered with round—butted asbestos cement shingles secured to continuous shingle lath or sheathing. Due to the fan—tailing of the shingles the rows of shingles of any slope curve upward from the middle to the ridges (see discussion of curving of shingles, IV, p. 96). The roof form is similar to that of the King William County and Captain Orr examples, although the pitch is steeper than that of the former and, apparently, somewhat less steep than that of the latter.

FINIAL

The four equal slopes of the roof end in a point or rather, would do this, were it not for the presence of the wood finial which covers the junction of the four planes. This finial, which is about 1'—3" high, is similar in construction and purpose to that of the Purdie Smokehouse (IV, p. 107), although it is different in design. The shape, which is square in plan, is a close copy of one observed by Singleton P. Moorehead on a dairy in Suffolk (see drawing, personal sketchbook of S. P. Moorehead, p. 3).

PAINT COLORS

All exterior woodwork is painted with Dri—Wall (white) to simulate whitewash. The paint is laid on thinly so that the wood color beneath is apparent. The walls are likewise painted on the inside with Dri—Wall, as far up as the plate. The latter and the framework above this have been left unpainted.

WOODS USED ON EXTERIOR

The siding, latticework and trim are of red gulf heart cypress. These were all rough sawn and have visible saw marks.

INTERIOR

The brick well cap has been omitted, as was remarked earlier. Otherwise the interior is much as it might have been in the eighteenth century.

ABOVE: VIEW FROM THE NORTHWEST OF THE EAST ROW OF OUTBUILDINGS BORDERING THE PURDIE SERVICE COURT. FROM LEFT TO RIGHT THE BUILDINGS ARE THE WOODSHED, THE STOREHOUSE, THE WELL HOUSE AND THE DAIRY.

AT LEFT: AN OUTBULDING OF THE KING AND QUEEN COUNTY POOR FARM WHICH HAS TWO DOORS IN ITS FRONT FACE AND TWO TYPES OF WOOD SHEATHING—FLUSH BOARDING (LEFT HALF) AND WEATHERBOARDING (RIGHT HALF). THIS FORMED THE BASIS FOR THE DESIGN OF THE PURDIE STOREHOUSE.

FOUNDATION BRICKWORK

Three courses of brickwork (about 8 ½' high) which are laid up in English bond constitute the visible part of the foundation. This is handmade brick similar in size, color and texture to the brick of the Purdie House foundations (I, p. 41 et seq.). The mortar and mortar joints are, likewise, similar to those of the Purdie House foundations. Except for the top course which is uniform throughout, the handmade brick are merely facing brick, backed up with common brick. They also THIS BUILDING, THE PURDIE STOREHOUSE, IS FACED WITH TWO DIFFERENT MATERIALS, WEATHERBOARDING AND FLUSH BOARDING, SUGGESTING THAT THE ORIGINAL STRUCTURE WAS BUILT IN TWO DIFFERENT PERIODS. THIS CONCEPTION OF THE STOREHOUSE IS FURTHER REINFORCED BY THE PRESENCE OF A "VESTIGIAL" CORNER BOARD AT ABOUT THE CENTER OF THE LONG FACADES AND A JOINT BENEATH THIS IN THE BRICKWORK. 129 continue only two courses below the ground surface level. The joints in the north south walls have already been discussed.

WALL COVERING

North half of building: This, as we have said, is covered with weatherboarding, the boards varying in exposure from 5 ½" to 5 5/8". Unlike the weatherboards of the Tavern, the House and the other weatherboarded outbuildings on the two plots, these boards terminate in a quarter round, with a radius of 5/8", rather than in a bead. Though not as usual as the bead, the quarter round shape as a termination was by no means uncommon in eighteenth century weatherboarding, for, indeed, it was a simple and logical way to finish these members. Old weatherboarding ending in a quarter round is found at Farmington, Charles City County and at Wales, Dinwiddie County.

South half of building: This is covered with unbeaded, flush, shiplapped boards varying in width from 7" to 11". Unlike the flush boarding of the Dairy, Well House and Smokehouse this sheathing has no saw marks. This boarding has its precedent in the old flush sheathing of the Tayloe and Archibald Blair smokehouses ( the latter before its restoration).

CORNICE AND "END BOARD" TREATMENT

This cornice is similar in the composition of its elements to the cornices used on the Purdie Stable and Kitchen and the south face of the King's Arms Stable and the precedent is similar for all of these cases (IV, p. 52). The sizes of these cornices all vary somewhat, however, this one having an extension beyond the face of the studding of 11 ¼" and a height of 9 ½". One difference of a functional nature should also be noted between this and the other cornices. The edge of the soffit board has been separated from the back of the fascia board by a continuous slot, the reason for which is to allow air to enter the building for ventilation purposes. This is a modern device considered desirable since the Storehouse is kept locked and has no other means of ventilation, there being neither louvres nor windows in it.

Treatment of cornice at the building corners: Two other particularities of this cornice should also be pointed out. The crown mold of the cornice is received at the corners of the building by the rakeboard, the end of which is out to the crown mold profile. The fascia and soffit board are covered at each of the two north corners by an extension of one of the end weatherboards, the bead being omitted on the part of the weatherboard projecting beyond the building face. In a like manner, the same cornice members are covered at the two south corners by extensions at either side of one of the flush boards. The bed mold is left uncovered and is returned against the cornerboard faces on the east and west elevations of the building.

It should be noted in this regard, also, that the bed mold is interrupted at the center of the long facades of the building in accord with the idea that the building was built in two stages. The break occurs just south of the central vestigial cornerboard and the southern part of the 130 mold is spliced with this. In actuality, the south end of the north part of the bed mold, to carry out consistently the idea that the north half of the building was at one time a complete structure, should have been returned against the face of the vestigial cornerboard. It should be remarked that the upper members of the cornice run through without interruption, suggesting that at the time the addition was made they were completely rebuilt.

Precedent for treatment of cornice at the building corners: The method of terminating the cornice at the building ends, it should be noted, differs from that used on the other buildings listed above as having the same type of modillionless box cornice. In the other buildings, except at the ends which have leanto extensions (i.e., west end of Purdie Stable and south end of Purdie Kitchen), the entire cornice is received by cornice end boards. At the leanto ends the whole cornice is returned against the building. The Storehouse cornice, therefore, is the only one in which the crown mold is stopped by the rake board and the fascia and soffit board by extensions of the weatherboarding and flush boarding and in which, at the same time, the bed mold returns against the building face. This detail represents a combination of treatments found in old precedent examples. The main cornice of Captain Orr's dwelling has a bad mold which returns against the face of the building on which the cornice appears. The soffit board, fascia and also the crown mold are received by projecting weatherboards. In this case the rake board, by means of cyma curve, diminishes at the lower end almost to a point. A number of old rake boards can be found which are cut to the crown mold profile and receive that molding. Examples of this which can be cited are the rake boards used on the slave quarters at Tuckahoe, Goochland County and the rake boards of the Ferris House in Gloucester County. Both of these examples have been recorded by Singleton P. Moorehead in his personal sketchbook. The Captain Orr details may be studied in photographs of the building made before its restoration. These can be found in the progress photograph files in the Colonial Williamsburg drafting room.

RAKE BOARDS

These are used on the north and south ends to effect a transition between the roofing material (asbestos cement shingles) and the wall covering (weatherboarding on the north end and flush boarding on the south). The rake boards are ¾" thick, 4 ¾" wide at the bottom and 3 ½' wide at the roof peak. They are beaded along the lower edge and, as has been said, their ends are cut to the profile of the crown mold. Since the height of the rake board at the bottom is greater than that of the crown mold a cyma curve is used to join the lower edge of the rake with the bottom of the crown mold.

Precedent: Old tapering rakeboards were found on the Tayloe House and on Captain Orr's Dwelling. The rakes of the latter have at the ends of their lower edges a cyma curve but this comes almost to a point, whereas the cyma curve of the Purdie rake joins with an inclined end out to the crown mold profile. The precedent for rake boards out to the crown mold profile has been given under the previous subject, "cornice."

CORNER BOARDS

These vertical strips receive the weatherboarding of the north half of the building and the flush boarding of the south half. As has been remarked, there is also such a strip in the middle of the west front and another at the same point in the east front. The latter strips ("vestigial" corner boards) have been installed to suggest that the north half of the building was once a complete structure and that when it was enlarged by an addition on the south side, the corner boards at the southeast and southwest corners were simply left in place. All of the cornerboards have one edge beaded——the outside edge. In the case of the vestigial cornerboards the "outside" edge is the south, edge (now flanked by flush boarding) for these once formed the south corners of the original storehouse.

All of the corner boards are 3 ½" wide and are installed with their faces turned either to the west or the east and their end edges facing either north or south. The north and center corner boards are 1 ¼" thick and those at the south corners, 1" thick. This difference in thickness is due to the fact that the weatherboards of the north section of the building project farther than the flush boarding of the south part so that the corner boards receiving the weatherboards must be thicker than those which receive the flush boarding.

Old corner boards presenting a face on one side only may be seen on the Moody House and on the Quarter and vestigial corner boards on the street facade of the Travis House (now standing on a temporary location on Francis Street).

DOORS AND DOOR TRIM

Carrying further the purpose of emphasizing the difference in building period of the two halves of the Storehouse, the two doors have been detailed in different manners and given different types of hardware.

North door: This is a double—sheathed door 5'—8 5/8" high, 3'—0" wide and 1 ½" thick. There are two layers of sheathing nailed together, each layer consisting of ¾" thick boards set together with shiplapped Joints. The boards in the center run diagonally from either side toward the center, meeting there to form a chevron—shaped pattern. These boards are more or less uniform in width, being between 6" and 6 ½" wide. The vertical sheathing is random width. The two layers are held together by galvanized nails with hand wrought heads, driven through from the outside. An old double sheathed door having on the outside diagonal boards arranged in a pattern of inverted V's (chevrons) is one found on an outbuilding of Keswick, Albemarle County.

Hardware: This door swings on two strap hinges similar to those used on the Purdie Smokehouse and is provided with a bar strap and staple, also identical with those used on the Smokehouse, q.v. The bar strap is allowed to hang down and the door is actually kept locked by means of a modern Corbin #356 rim night latch. The part appearing on the face of the door is covered by an oval wrought iron cover plate which is, of course, a modern feature without precedent but which is inconspicuous because of its material and small size. The door is opened by means of a 5 ½" high wrought iron door pull copied after the old one shown on p. 14 of the Hardware Folder and designated as type 3.

Trim: The trim of this door is actually a combination of trim and frame. In the place of the normal detailing in which the light trim pieces are applied to a heavier structural member which actually supports the door, we have only two 5 ½" x 2" jamb pieces and a headpiece of the same dimensions which have been rabbetted out to receive the door and act as door stops. The rabbet is about ½" wide which means, that when the door is closed only about 1 3/8" of the frame is visible from the outside. The external edge toward the opening of this part which comes forward has been given a ½" bead. Doors having no trim as such but, rather, a frame which takes over the functions of the trim, are found on the second floor of the Brush—Everard House. This combination of trim and frame is also present in the doorways of a smokehouse near Belle Farm in Gloucester County and of a dairy at Suffolk, details of both of which are found in the personal sketchbook of Singleton P. Moorehead, pp. 3 and 7, respectively.

The sill is a block, unmolded one with a front face about 1 3/8" high and a projection of ¼". It is the width of the frame and lines up with the outer edges of the latter. An old sill of this same block type is the one on the Tayloe Smokehouse.

South door: This door is a board and batten door, composed of random—width, unbeaded vertical boards held together on the back by three horizontal battens with chamfered edges. The door has the same height (5'—8 5/8") as the other but it is two inches less wide (2'—10"). The battens are held to the boards by galvanized nails with hand wrought heads driven through from the outside and clinched against the battens. This door is similar to that of the nearby Dairy and to many old doors, among which may be mentioned the ones which existed on the Archibald Blair smokehouse, privy and dairy before the restoration of those buildings.

Hardware: This door swings on two wrought iron strap hinges 2'—0 ½" long which were copied after old ones found on the basement bulkhead of the Taliaferro—Cole Shop. These are shown on sheet 10—A of the Hardware Folder, where they are designated as type A. This door is locked in the old manner with a wrought iron hasp and padlock. The hasp is about 8 ¾" long and is copied after an old one found on a basement door of the Alexander Craig House. This is shown as type 3 on p. 8 of the Hardware Folder. The padlock with its chain and staple is copied after an old example illustrated on p. 25 of the Hardware Folder.

Trim: The "trim" and sill are treated in a manner similar to that of the north door.

WOOD HANGING PEGS

In the west facade of the north half of the building, in the weatherboarded wall between the door and the northwest corner and about 6'—2" off the ground are two wood pegs, which, in a service court such as this, would have been useful as a means of hanging up various articles temporarily. These pegs penetrate the weatherboarding and are secured in place by having their ends, which take the shape of a truncated cone, let into a 4" x 4" piece of blocking to a depth of about 3 ¾'. They slope upward at an angle of about 18° and project about 5 ¾" from the face of the building. Where they project free of the building they have a cross section which is a 133 rectangle with rounded ends. The pegs terminate in a knob resembling the end of a hockey stick except that it is shorter, about 3". This is turned up vertically. The peg was inclined and the knob was added, quite evidently, so that articles hung over it would not slide off.

These pegs resemble in character and purpose the wood pegs or "hooks" used in eighteenth century stables as a means of hanging up harness. Singleton P. Moorehead shows sketches of two of these on p. 15 of his personal sketchbook. The examples shown were found in a stall room and the harness room of the stable of Mount Airy in Richmond County.

WOOD BLOCK STEPS

Before each door stands a wood block step, cut to a smooth surface on the top, bottom and ends, the front and rear sides being barked only. These steps are about 3'—0" long, l'—3" wide and 7 ½' high and they stand about 1 ½" away from the foundation brickwork. The steps are similar to the ones used before the Purdie Privies and Dairy. For further discussion of the subject of wood block steps, see the treatment of that subject in the sections of this report which deal with the buildings mentioned above.

ROOF AND ROOF COVERING

It seems reasonable to suppose that the original north half of the building was roofed, as is the enlarged structure at present, with an A roof. The possibility should at least be mentioned, nevertheless, that it once possessed some form of hipped roof since, judging by the foundation remains, although it was not square, it was not far from being so ( ca. 9'—5" east to west and 8'—4" north to south) and square outbuildings were frequently roofed in this manner. If the roof of the north part was originally hipped, in enlarging the building, it would have been necessary totally to rebuild it. If, on the other hand, as seems likely, the roof was an A roof, an extension could have been made to the existing roof without its being necessary to change the structure. Some of the roofers would doubtless have been taken up so that these could have been made continuous over the joint between the old and new sections of the roof and, in like manner, it would have been necessary to "weave" the shingles together. It is likely, indeed, that the entire roof would have been reshingled. It is the latter assumption on which the architects worked, for the present shingle roof covering shows no line between old and new work and no difference in the apparent age of the covering of the two halves of the roof. To differentiate between the two sections of roof would have been difficult, if not impossible, in any case, inasmuch as the architects were working with uniform new roofing materials, i.e., asbestos—cement shingles.

The pitch of the present roof is about 48°. This is a typical roof pitch for the period, as becomes evident from an examination of the roof pitches of a number of old buildings in the town (see I, p. 30).

Asbestos cement shingles were used on this roof, as on most of the other roofs of the Tavern and Purdie properties, for reasons of fire prevention. The original roofing material of course, would have been wood (probably cypress) shingles. The present shingles are round—butted like the shingles used on the other buildings of these two properties. See I, pp. 33, 34 for a discussion of round—butted shingles.

LIGHTING FIXTURE

Recessed in the underside of the cornice above the north entrance door, with its metal plate set flush with the surface of the soffit board, is a small modern soffit light. This fixture is entirely modern but it is inconspicuous and provides necessary night illumination for this doorway which is the only one which is actually used. This single operating door suffices since the interior has no partitions.

EXTERIOR PAINT OOLORS

The north half of the building has the same color scheme as the Purdie House (I, p. 148 et seq.). The south half, except for the door and sill, is painted with Dri—Wall (white), laid on thinly, so as to simulate whitewash. Both doors are painted dark brown (#168) like the exterior doors of the House and the sills are buff (Valdura taupe, #25). The wood block steps are untreated.

WOODS USED ON EXTERIOR

The weatherboards, flush boards, cornice, corner boards, rake boards, doors and door frames are made of red gulf heart cypress. The door sills are of heart pine. The block steps are of oak. The exterior facing and trim of this building have been planed, so that no saw marks are visible.

INTERIOR

This is an exterior reconstruction and the interior of the building has been left unfinished. It will, therefore, not be discussed here.

BRICKWORK — FOUNDATIONS AND PAVING

The foundation brickwork, of which only two courses are visible above the ground, is of the same character as that of the Purdie House. This means that the brick, itself is of the same size, color and texture, the bond is the same and the mortar and mortar joints are similar to those of the House foundations (I, p. 41—43). As in the case of the old foundations, the present ones, which are a replacement of the old brick, continue across the west side and form a complete rectangle even though on that side the foundation wall supports nothing. The top course of this west wall is a header course which serves as a sort of curbing for the brick paving which forms the floor of the woodshed. The foundation brick are set in an imitation of old oyster shell mortar but the paving brick, which run east and west, like the headers of the west foundation wall, are set in sand. The curb and the brick paving are elevated about 5 ½" above the surrounding pavement of the service court.

As was remarked earlier, the Chicken Coop has a brick platform or base elevated about two courses above the neighboring brickwork. This is composed of the same type of handmade modern brick as the Woodshed foundation. This brick base is interrupted by an iron grating placed in the center of it over a pit into which an outlet duct of the air conditioning system serving the Tavern and the House empties exhaust air. The grille, the pit and the duct, of course, have no colonial basis and serve a ventilation system the like of which did not exist in the eighteenth century.

FLUSH BOARDING

The flush boards used as external covering of both the Woodshed and Chicken Coop are from 9" to 11" wide and 13/16" thick and they are beaded. They are placed horizontally and set together with shiplapped joints. The boards are nailed to the studding with modern galvanized nails, the heads of which have been hand—hammered to make them resemble eighteenth century nails. No attempt has been made, by the way, to make the boards of the north and South sides of the Chicken Coop line up with the boarding of the contiguous east side of the Woodshed.

CORNICE AND CORNICE STOPS

This consists only of the cyma recta over cyma reversa crown mold which ban been used on so many of the buildings of the Tavern and Purdie properties. This molding is found on the east and west facades of the Woodshed and on the long (east) fact of the Chicken Coop. In the case of both the Shed and the Coop the crown mold is stopped at the ends by the rake boards. These are cut to the same diagonal as the crown mold but do not follow its profile. A rake board cut straight and 140 following the diagonal of the crown mold of a cornice and which receives this cornice is one which was found on an old inn at Gloucester Court House. It should be remarked that this rake example has a molding superimposed upon it (see personal sketchbook of Singleton P. Moorehead, p. 6). which does not exist in the present case.

RAKE BOARDS

The rake boards of the Woodshed and of the Chicken Coop all have straight—cut lower ends following the inclination of their crown molds. In both cases the boards are made of 13/16" thick material and taper from 4 ¼" at the bottom to 3 ¼" at the top. In the case of the Woodshed the bottom layer of shingles has been given a slight kick by the insertion, between the top of the rake boards and the underside of the shingles of a wedge—shaped wood piece and by the placement of the cornice crown mold. The lower edge of the Woodshed and Chicken Coop rakes carry a ½" bead.

CORNER BOARDS

The Woodshed has, at the northeast and southeast corners, one—faced corner boards with their 4" surfaces turned eastward and their 1" thick ends turned north and south respectively. These corner boards have a ½" bead along their salient edges. At the northwest and southwest corners we have a situation similar to that which obtains on the north corners of the King's Arms Stable where an opening exists similar in nature to the Woodshed (see IV, p. 53). In both cases it was necessary at the corners to have a corner—board to receive the siding of the building ends and likewise to cover the structural posts supporting the corners. The solution is similar in both cases, i.e., a wide corner board, beaded on both salient edges, was applied to the external face of the post. In the case of the Woodshed these boards are 8" wide and 1" thick. They receive the flush boards of the building ends and also the 13/16" trim board which has been applied to the side faces of the posts, To conclude the description of the enframement of the opening requires only remarking that the face and soffit of the plate across the top is faced with boards similar to those used on the posts. A bead has been cut in the salient edge of the facing piece so that all three edges toward the opening are beaded.

The Chicken Coop has on its two corners single—faced corner boards turned toward the east. These are similar in every respect except height to the east corner boards of the Woodshed. The flush boarding of the ends of the Coop was allowed to strike the similar boarding of the east face of the Woodshed, no corner boards being used at these inside corners.

Old single—faced corner boards are found on the Moody House and the Quarter, among many other places. The Hockley chicken coop also has this type of corner boards but they are deeper than those of the Purdie coop because they receive weatherboards rather than flush boarding.

DOOR OF CHICKEN COOP

The latticed or slatted door of the Chicken Coop (1'—6" x 1'—6") is constructed of a frame the parts of which are 2" high and 1 3/8" deep. Into this framework are mortised a series of diagonal slats, 1 ¾" wide and 141 3/8" thick. Between the slats are openings of more or less the same width as the slats themselves. The door sits in a frame which is rabbetted out to receive it leaving 7/8" of woodwork showing at the top and sides when the latter is closed. The edge of this frame which is turned toward the opening has a ½" bead. The frame is completed at the bottom by a sill with a thickness on the face of 1 1/8" and of a width equal to that of the frame itself.

Precedent: The latticed door is the same in principle as the latticed door of the Purdie Well Head and has the same precedent background. The door was too small to make practicable the running of the slats in two directions. The combining of frame and trim in a single member is quite similar to the treatment of the frame—trim members of the two Storehouse doors and follows the same precedent as the latter (second floor door frames of the Brush—Everard House).

Hardware: The Chicken Coop door swings on two wrought iron fish tail hinges modelled after the old example shown as type 3 on plate 23 of the Hardware Folder. These hinges are smaller than the example shown in the Folder, being 4 ¾" long by 2 ¾" high. The door is held shut by a hook and staple.

ROOF AND ROOF COVERING

The roof of the Woodshed is an A roof with a slope of 48°. It is covered with hand split cypress shingles about 18" long, ½" thick at the ends and varying in width from 3 ¾" to 6". These shingles have their corners chamfered off, giving them the appearance of round—butted shingles. They are supported on spaced shingle lath so that the air can circulate about them and they are visible from the inside of the Woodshed. The shingles are combed at the ridge. For a discussion of the subject of combing, see IV, p. 96.

The roof of the Chicken Coop is of the shed type having but a single sloping surface. The inclination of this surface is about 43°. The roof covering strikes the east face of the woodshed at the base of the topmost flush board. This roof surface is covered with the same type of wood shingles as the roof of the Woodshed.

The Woodshed, with its attached Chicken Coop, and the four Privies are the only structures in the King's Arms—Purdie group which are roofed with wood shingles, which, of course, was the chief roofing material in use in Virginia in the eighteenth century. An example of old round—butted wood shingles are the ones found on the roof of the Brush—Everard Smokehouse. Most of the restored and reconstructed buildings in Williamsburg, as has been noted, are for reasons of fire prevention covered with non—inflammable asbestos cement shingles. A few smaller structures, such as the present ones, are covered with wood shingles where the fire hazard is slight. These shingles, nevertheless, are treated to make them flame—resistant.

PAINT COLOR

The Woodshed and its appendage, the Chicken Coop are painted on the exterior with one color only, i.e., white. Dri—Wall was the paint used and it was spread thinly to let some of the wood color show through and 142 to give an effect of whitewash. The interior framing of the Woodshed, including the sill, plate, studs, posts and gable boarding, is also painted with Dri—Wall but the framing above the plate was left natural, as were, of course, the undersides of the wood shingles. The interior of the Chicken Coop (framework, flush boarding and diagonal floor boards) has been left natural.

WOODS USED

All framing members of the Woodshed and Chicken Coop are of cypress. The flush boarding and trim are of red gulf heart cypress. All structural and trim members, except the cornice molding, have been rough sawn and have straight saw marks showing. The shingles are of hand split cypress.

INTERIOR

Since the Woodshed interior is open to view its features have been discussed under Form of the Building and Brickwork. The interior of the Chicken Coop, like that of the Woodshed, has been left unfinished, as such a structure would have been in the eighteenth century.